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Neuroscience > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Looking down or up at a horizontal slice

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2
Q

Coronal

A

Looking at the front or the back

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3
Q

White Matter

A

Myelination (wrapped around axons) projections out from cell bodies. very few cell bodies but a lot of axons projecting out.

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4
Q

Gray Matter

A

A bunch of cell bodies that are not myelinated so that they talk with each other in close proximity.

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5
Q

Afferent axons

A

Sensory- in and up (on the dorsal aspect)

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6
Q

Efferent axons

A

Motor- down and out (on the ventral aspect)

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7
Q

three areas of the central nervous system

A

Spinal region, Brainstem/cerebellum region, Cerebral region.

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8
Q

Spinal region

A

8,12,5,1 with 31 spinal segments

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9
Q

Spinal roots

A

Dorsal Root and Ventral Root

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10
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Sensory cell bodies

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11
Q

Ventral horn

A

motor cell bodies

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12
Q

columns

A

white matter (high concentration of myelin)

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13
Q

Brainstem- Medulla

A

Most inferior piece of the brainstem.

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14
Q

Pyramids of the medulla

A

Two rounded ridges right down the midline

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15
Q

Pyramidal Decussation

A

a crossing the motor axons (left brain to right body and vice versa) similar crossing on dorsal aspect for sensory.

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16
Q

Pons

A

is full of cell bodies that make a copy of how you intend to move and send that copy to the cerebellum.

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17
Q

Midbrain

A

a grouping of white matter that connects to the cerebrum. Helps connect the head with the rest of the body (motor function)

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18
Q

Cerebral Peduncle

A

Two arms that stick up like the Y in YMCA.

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19
Q

Vital Centers

A

the pons and medulla contain autonomic vital centers that control our viscera. also contains centers of the brain that keep you awake- brainstem is vital.

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Compares what you meant to do with what you are really doing and if those don’t match it helps to correct your movement. It ensures your movement.

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21
Q

vermis

A

Midline of the cerebellum (helps to coordinate our core

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22
Q

Two hemispheres of cerebellum

A

contain all the cells that help coordinate the movements of our arms and legs.

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23
Q

Peduncles

A

code for a bundle of myelinated axons (white matter). COnnect the cerebellum to the rest of the nervous system. 3 bundles of peduncles on each side (superior, middle, inferior).

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24
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

look up

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25
Q

Cerebrum- Diencephalon- Thalamus

A

a cluster of cell bodies that are part of the sensory pathway. a bit back behind center. Thalamus proper is right at the midline and just posterior from center. white oval cluster of cells. Sensory system

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26
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

cluster of cells at the base of the brain. left and right of midline and a little forward of center. Help you to plan movement (what muscles, how fast, what force)

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27
Q

Gyrus

A

out folding or little mountain on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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28
Q

Fissure

A

A deep separation generally between hemispheres or other big structures/separate structures.

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29
Q

Sulcus

A

An in folding or a shallow valley

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30
Q

Cerebrum- Frontal lobe

A

cells of motor function- voluntary motor function, a big cluster of cells that help us control executive function/thinking

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31
Q

Parietal lobe

A

cells of sensory function- somatosensory (body sensation) somato sensation

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32
Q

Temporal lobe

A

help with auditory function

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33
Q

Occipital lobe

A

help with visual functions

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34
Q

Limbic lobe

A

closely surrounds/applied over the 4 eggs (part of our primal brain)- emotions and memory

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35
Q

Insular lobe

A

gets folded in- buried under the frontal and parietal/temporal- helps with olfaction

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36
Q

Central sulcus

A

division between the frontal and parietal

37
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

separates the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes (we can pull it apart to see the insular lobe)

38
Q

Cingulate sulcus

A

separates the limbic lobe from everything else

39
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates the parietal and occipital lobes. Somatosensory and vision lobe separation

40
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

White matter bundle that connects one hemisphere to the other. Helps both sides communicate with each other.

41
Q

Internal capsule

A

giant white matter bundle that connects the head with the rest of the body. Connects cells of the head with the rest of the body. All sensory and motor function between the head and the rest of the body.

42
Q

Meningioma

A

Water balloons of connective tissue

43
Q

1 giant water balloon outside the brain

A

Meninge- mechanically cushion brain and spinal cord, chemically protect brain and spinal cord

44
Q

4 water balloons inside the brain

A

Ventricles- mechanically cushion brain and spinal cord, chemically protect brain and spinal cord

45
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

two of them, one in each hemisphere

46
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

two of them. helps the fluid go back to the heart. the connection from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.

47
Q

Third Ventricle

A

In midline right between the two thalami

48
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

water way that allows fluid to flow out of the head (thin straw that connects the third ventricle to the fourth

49
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

in between the pons and the cerebellum

50
Q

Lateral foramina

A

two of them. down hill from 4th ventricle there are 3 holes that let fluid leak out of the brain into the covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

51
Q

Median foramen

A

1 of the 3 holes that let fluid leak out of the brain into the covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

52
Q

Pressure system

A

high pressure on artery side and low pressure on vein side

53
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outer layer (tough) fairly thick and anchored to the skull up in the head and is anchored to bony spinal ring in the spin. Keeps the water balloon anchored in place.

54
Q

Dura Outer Layer

A

Outer layer that splits and stays along the skull at the longitudinal fissure

55
Q

Dura Inner Layer

A

Inner layer that splits and goes deep into the brain and extends the external water balloon so that it cushions the two hemispheres from each other. creates space called a sinus which collects used up blood and CSF to go back to the heart.

56
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

The tent over the cerebellum- between the occipital lobe and the cerebellum to cushion the cerebellum from the occipital lobe.

57
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

space filled with a whole bunch of spider like webs dropping down from the arachnoid mater that create a space where the CSF flows. (circulates around the brain in the subarachnoid space)

58
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

a finger like projection that pokes through the inner dura mater. is a pipe for the CSF to flow from the subarachnoid space into the sinus.

59
Q

Arachnoid Granulations

A

at the end of the villi (a bunch of grapes) that the CSF leak from to get into the sinus. Has a lot of surface area that the CSF can leak from.

60
Q

Pia Mater

A

very thin connective tissue layer, closely applied to all of the brain and the spinal cord. Anchors the water balloon to the nervous system.

61
Q

Choroid plexus

A

the strainer of formed elements from CSF. Little tiny thin walled capillaries with gaps poke into the ventricles that act like a strainer. Allow the fluid of blood to go into the ventricle but keep the cells of blood in the blood stream.

62
Q

CSF

A

similar to plasma in blood. The water of blood but without the formed elements such as blood cells.

63
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Cerebral aqueduct gets plugged that leads to a swollen 1st and 2nd ventricles and then a swollen 3rd ventricle.

64
Q

Meningitis

A

Affects the outer water balloon. inflammation of the meninges. Viral and Bacterial (bacterial is much worse). sinus infection from the nasal sinuses penetrate the dura and get into the water balloon. ONce virus is in the water balloon the virus can spread throughout the entire outer meninge. Leads to inflammation reaction that puts extra fluid and starts squeezing the nervous system.

65
Q

Posterior blood supply

A

underneath sides of temporal lobe and to all of occipital lobe and all of the brain stem

66
Q

Anterior blood supply

A

everything else (frontal lobe, top of temporal lobe, and the parietal lobe)

67
Q

Anterior spinal artery

A

covers front half of the spinal cord (motor function)

68
Q

Posterior spinal artery

A

Supply blood to roughly the back half. (sensory)

69
Q

medullary arteries

A

collateral circulation that connects all three arteries together in a circulation.

70
Q

segmental arteries

A

spinal arteries (segmental arteries) head out with each of the 31 spinal segments.

71
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Lay right in front of the medulla

72
Q

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

A

breaks off of the vertebral artery and runs back to the bottom of the cerebellum

73
Q

Basilar

A

two verebrals get to the top of the medulla and form one midline artery (basilar) right in front of the pons. sends two pairs of arteries back to the cerebellum

74
Q

Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries

A

break off of the basilar and give blood to the bottom front of the cerebellum

75
Q

superior cerebellar

A

From the top of the basilar artery and it gives blood to the top of the cerebellum

76
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries

A

basilar splits at the top of the pons into the Posterior cerebral arteries which supply the occipital lobe and the bottom of the temporal lobe. (blood supply to the midbrain).

77
Q

Internal Carotid

A

Part of the anterior and middle cerebrum blood supply. come of of the H of the Aorta. more anterior than the vertebral arteries.

78
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

branches off of the internal carotid. supplies all of the cortex in the longitudinal fissure medial surface of the frontal lobe and parietal, the limbic lobe, the mohawk arteries.

79
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A

branches laterally from the internal carotid artery. Pokes way in between the temporal and the parietal lobe. supplies the lateral aspect of frontal and lateral aspect of parietal lobe as well as lateral aspect of the temporal lobe. Also supplies the basal ganglia and thalamus .

80
Q

Anterior communicating arteries

A

part of the circle of willis. connects anterior cerebral artery of one side with the anterior cerebral artery of the other side. Brings the two sides together in the internal carotid system (left to right)

81
Q

Posterior communicating arteries

A

connects the internal carotid to the vertebral basilar (front circulation to back circulation). Take off from the internal carotid and join with the posterior cerebral.

82
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Left side internal carotid, one anterior cerebral to anterior communicating to right anterior cerebral past the internal carotid flowing through posterior communicating to one posterior cerebral, the other posterior cerebral and to the posterior communicating artery and back to the internal carotid.

83
Q

Choroidal arteries

A

Branch off posterior cerebral and another off of the middle cerebral artery. give blood to thalamus and basil ganglia and provide CSF for the ventricular system inside the brain.

84
Q

Striate arteries

A

branches off of the middle cerebral artery. provide blood to the basil ganglia (striatum also means basil ganglia)

85
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A

Extends from front of head to back of head. Located right on top of longitudinal fissure from front to back and is a major collector of CSF and venous blood (where the outer and inner dura split)

86
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus

A

From back to front on the floor of the longitudinal fissure (deep).

87
Q

Transverse Sinus

A

Two of them (each hemisphere) starts at center back of the head. on each side about the location of the ear they dump fluid into the jugular veins which take blood back to the heart to be reoxygenated. between the occipital lobe and cerebellum.

88
Q

Fulx cerebri

A

Drags water balloon down to cushion two hemispheres from each other.

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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