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OCR A-Level Chemistry A > Chapter 27 - Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers > Flashcards

Chapter 27 - Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers Flashcards

Amines, Amino acids, amides, and polymers, Condensation polymers.

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1
Q

what is an amine?

A

amines are compounds derived from ammonia where one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia NH3 are replaced by a carbon ring or chain. eg NH2, NH1 or just N

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2
Q

What is the difference between an aliphatic amine and an aromatic amine?

A

Aliphatic - nitrogen is attached to at least one straight or branched carbon chain
Aromatic - nitrogen is attached to an aromatic ring

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3
Q

what does a primary secondary and tertiary amine look like?

A
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4
Q

how do you name primary amines? secondary and tertiary amines?

A

primary amines are named by adding the suffix amine to the name of the alkyl chain e.g ethylamine

secondary and tertiary amines are named if they contain the same alkyl group by adding the prefix ‘di’ or ‘tri’ e.g (CH3)2NH is dimethylamine. When 2 or more different groups are on the amine group the amine

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5
Q

What do amines often behave as?

A

Amines often act as Bases accepting a H+ atom

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6
Q

How do amines behave as bases?

A

Nitrogen donates electron pair to H+

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7
Q

amine + acids = ?

A
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8
Q

For the formation of aliphatic primary amines, what is reacted together in the two steps?

A
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9
Q

what is the purpose of ethanol in formation of aliphatic amines?

A

ethanol is a solvent, used to prevent substitution of haloalkane by water to produce alcohols.

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10
Q

In primary aliphatic amine formation, what is in excess and why?

A

Ammonia is in excess as it Prevents product from reacting with more of the haloalkane

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11
Q

In aliphatic primary amine formation, what is the purpose of ethanol?

A

ethanol acts as a Solvent

Prevents substitution of haloalkane by water to produce alcohols

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12
Q

how are aromatic amines produced?

A

phenylamine is produced by the reduction of nitrobenzene when its heated under reflux with tin and HCl (reducing agents) to form an ammonium salt, phenylammonium chloride. which is then reacted with excess NaOH.

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13
Q

What are the two steps of forming a secondary amine and tertiary amine from a primary amine?

A

to form a secondary amine…
Primary amine + CH3Br and ethanol as solvent
then
Salt product + NaOH forms secondary amine

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14
Q

How is phenylamine made from nitrobenzene?

A

phenylamine is made from nitrobenzene
when it is heated under reflux with tin and HCl to form ammonium salt
Ammonium salt reacted with NaOH to produce phenylamine

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15
Q

What do tin and HCl act as in formation of phenylamine from nitrobenzene?

A

tin and HCL act as a Reducing agent

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16
Q

What is the general structure of an alpha amino acid?

A

An a amino acid has the NH2 and COOH groups attacked the same a-carbon. Different a-amino acids have different side chains, R, attached to the same a-carbon atom. general formula of RCH(NH2)COOH

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17
Q

amino acid + aqueous alkali = ?

A
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18
Q

What are amino acids contain?

A

An Amino acid has both an Amine group (NH2) and a Carboxyl acid group (COOH) group. hence amino acid :)

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19
Q

amino acids + acid = ?

A
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20
Q

amino acid + aqueous base=?

A
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21
Q

heating an Amino acid + alcohol = ?

A
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22
Q

what is esterification of amino acids with alcohols?

A

heat with alcohol + amino acid

in presence of conc H2SO4 and NaOH

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23
Q

What is the purpose of NaOH in amino acid esterification?

A

Free the base from the HSO4- salt of H2N- group

24
Q

what is a chiral carbon?

A

A chiral carbon is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

25
Q

Amino acids are amphoteric, what does this mean?

A

Have acidic and basic properties

26
Q

How can amino acids act as a base and an acid?

A

NH2 group acts as a base

COOH group acts as an acid

27
Q

what are amides?

A
28
Q

How are amides formed?

A

Reaction of acyl chloride with ammonia/amines

29
Q

what are stereoisomers?

A

stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms of space. There are two types of stereoisomers: optical and E/Z isomerism.

30
Q

what is optical isomerism?

A

optical isomerism is found in molecules that contain a carbon atom with a chiral centre.

1) a chiral atom is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
2) the four groups attached to the chiral carbon are arranged in space as two non superimposable mirror images called optical isomers
3) each chiral carbon atom has one pair of optical isomers

31
Q

What do optical isomers have in common?

A

Same physical properties

32
Q

do a-amino acids contain chiral centers?

A

excluding glycine all a-amino acids contain a chiral carbon

33
Q

What do optical isomers do?

A

Rotate plane-polarised light

34
Q

how to draw optical isomers?

A
35
Q

what are polyesters?

A

polyesters are monomers joined together by ester linkages

36
Q

What are the two monomer types that form polyesters?

A

monomers with Diols (2 hydroxyl groups) or Dicarboxylic acids

37
Q

How can polyesters be formed from one monomer?

A

condensation polymerisation is when polyesters are formed by a compound where One end has an alcohol (OH) group and the Other end has carboxyl group (carboxylic acid COOH )

1) An ester linkage forms between the two molecules, together with water byproduct

38
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Joining of monomers with loss of a small molecule, usually water or HCl where two different functional groups are needed

39
Q

what are polyamides?

A

in a polyamide, the monomers have been joined together with amide linkages to form the polymer

polyamides can be made from either:

1) one monomer containing both a carboxylic acid and amine group
2) two monomers one containing two carboxylic acid groups and the other containing two amine groups.

40
Q

How can polyesters be formed from two monomers?

A

one monomer contains two hydroxyl (OH) groups- a diol

Another monomer contains two carboxylic acid groups

41
Q

How can polyamides be formed from just one monomer?

A

Amino acids contain a carboxylic acid and amine group. they form water

42
Q

What is the common name for polyamides made from two monomers?

A

Nylon

43
Q

how can polyamides be made from two monomers? what does an amide bond look like?

A

polyamides can be made by the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid/ diacyl chloride with a diamine.

44
Q

hydrolysing polyamides shown?

A
45
Q

hydrolysing polyesters shown?

A
46
Q

What is required for polyesters and polyamine’s to undergo hydrolysis? what’s the product?

A

polyesters and polyamides can be broken down by hydrolysis using:

1) hot aqueous acid like HCl (acid hydrolysis) to form a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
2) hot aqueous alkali like NaOH to form a carboxylate salt and an alcohol

47
Q

What is formed from polyester undergoing acid hydrolysis?

A

when a polyster undergoes acid hydrolysis it forms a Diol and a Dicarboxylic acid

48
Q

What is required to undergo base hydrolysis?

A

Excess NaOH

49
Q

What is formed from acid hydrolysis of polyamide?

A

Diammonium salt

Dicarboxylic acid

50
Q

What is formed from polyester undergoing base hydrolysis?

A

A Diol
and a Salt of dicarboxylic acid
is formed from polyester undergoing base hydrolysis

51
Q

What is formed from base/acid hydrolysis of polyamide?

A

Diamine
Salt of dicarboxylic acid
is formed from base hydrolysis of polyamide

52
Q

How does addition polymerisation differ from condensation polymerisation with monomers?

A

Addition - monomer contains C=C bond

Condensation - two monomers with two functional groups or one monomer with two different functional groups

53
Q

how do you identify the type of polymerisation given the monomers and the monomers from the polymer chains?

A
54
Q

How does addition polymerisation differ from condensation polymerisation with backbone?

A

Addition - backbone of polymer is -C-C- bond

Condensation - polymer back bone contains ester or amide groups

55
Q

what does a polyamide amide linkage look like?

A
56
Q

what does a polyester ester link look like?

A

OCR A-Level Chemistry A (33 decks)

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