Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Organic chemistry, Nomenclature of organic compounds, Representing the formulae of organic compounds, Isomerism, Introduction to reaction mechanisms.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds. Whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties differing by the addition of a group.
What is a functional group ?
The part of the organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in straight chains.
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures.
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring.
What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes?
Alkanes - single carbon carbon bonds
Alkenes - one or more carbon carbon double bond
Alkynes - one or more carbon carbon triple bond
What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?
C=C
-ene
What is the functional group and suffix for an alcohol?
- OH
- ol c-oh
What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?
-Cl / -Br / -I
Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-
What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?
- CHO
- ends in ‘al ‘
h-c=o
h-c-h
What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?
- C(CO)C-
- ends in ‘one ‘
c
c=o
c
What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?
- COOH
- oic acid
O=c-OH
H- c-H
What is a general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.
What is displayed formula?
Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
(The one you draw out)
What is structural formula?
Shows which groups are bonded together.
(Written one) i.e. CH3CH2CH3
How is skeletal formula formed?
Remove all of the carbon and hydrogen labels from carbon chains,
Remove any bonds to hydrogen atoms.
How does skeletal formula work?
A line represents a single bond
An intersection of two lines represents a carbon atom
The end of a line represents a -CH3 group
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
What is homolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons.
What is formed after homolytic fission?
Two atoms with an unpaired electron
Called radicals
What is heterolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the elcetrons.
What is formed from heterolytic fission?
A positive ion and a negative ion.
What are curly arrows used to show?
The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.
What is an addition reaction?
Two reactants join together to form one product.
What is a substitution reaction?
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.
What is an elimination reaction?
The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.
What are the names of the first ten alkanes?
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane and Decane.
