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OCR A Level Chemistry > Chapter 27 - Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers > Flashcards

Chapter 27 - Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are amines?

A

Organic compounds derived from ammonia, in which one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia have been replaced by a carbon chain or ring

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2
Q

What is an aliphatic amine?

A

Where the nitrogen atom is attached to at least one straight or branched carbon chain (alkyl group, R)

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3
Q

What is an aromatic amine?

A

Where the nitrogen atom is attached to an aromatic ring

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4
Q

What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary amines?

A

Primary - N atom attached to 2 H atoms and one R group
Secondary - N atom attached to 1 H atom and two R groups
Tertiary - N atom attached to 3 R groups

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5
Q

What is the suffix and prefix for naming amines?

A

Suffix - amine
Prefix - amino

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6
Q

How do amines behave as bases?

A

The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom can accept a proton

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7
Q

What happens when an amine accepts a proton?

A

A dative covalent bond is formed between the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom and the proton

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8
Q

What happens when amines react with acids?

A

They neutralise them to form salts

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9
Q

How do you prepare aliphatic amines?

A

Nucleophilic substitution reaction between ammonia and a haloalkane to form an ammonium salt.
Aqueous alkali is then added to generate the amine from the salt.

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10
Q

What reagents/conditions are necessary for the preparation of aliphatic amines?

A
  • ethanol used as solvent (prevents substitution of haloalkane by water to form alcohol)
  • excess ammonia must be used to reduce further substitution of the amine group
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11
Q

How do you prepare aromatic amines?

A

Reduction of a nitro group using tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid and then NaOH
Nitrobenzene + 6[H] → phenylamine + 2H2O

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12
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

An organic compound containing both amine, NH2 and carboxylic acid, COOH functional groups

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13
Q

What is the general formula of an amino acid?

A

RCH(NH2)COOH

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14
Q

How does the amine group of an amino acid react with acids?

A

Reacts with acid to form salts
(ammonium salts)

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15
Q

How does the carboxylic acid group of an amino acid react with alkalis and alcohols?

A

Alkalis - forms salt and water
Alcohols - form ester and water when heated in presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

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16
Q

What are amides, what is their functional group?

A

Amides are the products of reactions of acyl chlorides with ammonia and amines
Functional group = Co-NH

17
Q

What is optical isomerism?

A

Found in molecules with a chiral centre, creating two non superimposable mirror image structures known as optical isomers or enantiomers

18
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

A carbon atom that is attached to 4 different atoms/groups of atoms

19
Q

How do you draw optical isomers?

A

Drawn to show 3D tetrahedral arrangement of 4 different groups around central chiral carbon atom. Use of dashed, black triangle and 2 straight lines.

20
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

The joining of monomers with the loss of a small molecule, usually water or hydrogen chloride
2 different functional groups are required

21
Q

What is a polyester?

A

Monomers joined together by ester linkages in a long chain to form the polymer

22
Q

What can polyesters be made from?

A

One monomer containing both a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
OR two monomers - one with 2 carboxylic acid groups and the other with 2 alcohol groups

23
Q

What are polyamides?

A

Condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined together by amide linkages in a long chain to form the polymer

24
Q

What can polyamides be made from?

A

One monomer containing both a carboxylic acid (or acyl chloride) group and an amine group
OR two monomers, one containing 2 carboxylic acid groups (or acyl chlorides) and the other containing 2 amine groups

25
Q

What are the two ways that condensation polymers can be hydrolysed?

A

Hot aqueous alkali or hot aqueous acid

26
Q

What does the alkaline hydrolysis (NaOH/H2O) of a polyester produce?

A

Sodium salt and an alcohol (diol)

27
Q

What does the acid hydrolysis (H+/H2O) of a polyester produce?

A

Free carboxylic acid and an alcohol (diol)

28
Q

What does the alkaline hydrolysis (NaOH/H2O) of a polyamide produce?

A

Sodium salt and free amines

29
Q

What does the acid hydrolysis (H+/H2O) of a polyamide produce?

A

Ammonium salt and free carboxylic acids

OCR A Level Chemistry (29 decks)

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