* Chapter 27 Flashcards
What are the two types of plants ?
- Flowering plants (anigosperms): above ground–> shoot: stem, leaves, flowers. Underground–> Root: has extensions to absorb water
- Non-flowering plants
What do shoots consist of and what are their functions?
-Shoots consist of stems, leaves and flowers (reproductive structures)
Function of shoots:
a) water, minerals, and organic substances are transported
b) stems serve in upright growth and display flowers, also to let leaves absorb sunlight & so flower can reproduce
c) photosynthesis is accomplished by leaves and young stems
What are the functions of roots?
a) absorption of water (h2o needed for photosynthesis) and minerals from soil
b) transport of water, sugars, hormones, and minerals to and from the shoot
c) storage of food(Starches)
d) root system anchors and supports the plant
e) production of some hormones
f) interaction with soil fungi and bacteria -> ch 46
____ are localized regions of self-perpetuating embryonic cells.
Mertistems. These are the clumps of “stem cells” that differentiate and give rise to apical and lateral
What are the 2 types of meristems ?
Apical meristem and lateral meristem
What are apical meristems? and what are the 3 germ layers that these meristems grow into
apical meristem they are at the tips of roots and stems is responsible for growth and elongation.
primary growth: how tall this plant gets
3 germ layers: Protoderm (gives rise to dermal tissue), ground meristem (ground tissue) and procambium (vascular tissue) are the 3 kinds of primary meristems
What are lateral meristems? And what are the 2 germ layers that they grow into?
lateral meristem tissues are responsible for the increase in diameter of older roots and stems
secondary growth: how big (girth-wise) the plant gets
2 germ layers: Vascular cambium (vascular tissue) and cork cambium (normal dermal tissue) 2 kinds of lateral meristems
these are responsible for secondary growth which adds to woody parts of trees for example
What are the 3 plant tissue systems?
- the ground tissue system (simple tissue: 1 type of cell) makes up the bulk of the plant body
- the vascular tissue system (complex tissue: 2 types of cells) contains 2 kinds of conducting tissues that distribute water and solutes through the plant body
- The dermal tissue system (complex) system covers and protects the plant’s surface
Simple tissues consist of the ground tissue:
1) _____ makes up most of the soft, moist tissue
2) _____ cells are thickened and help strengthen the plant
3) _____ cells provide mechanical support and protect in mature plants and parts
1) Parenchyma: major function, photosynthesis (mesophyll), cell wall are very thin and pliable cells
2) collenchyma: it is commonly arranged at strands/cylinders beneath the dermal tissues of stem and stalks, the primary cell walls of collenchyma become thickened with cellulose and pectin at maturity often at their corners.
3) sclerenchyma: the secondary walls are thick and often impregnated with lignin, which strengthens and water proofs cell walls, sclerenchyma cells form fibers such as in hemp and flax; others called sclereids form strong coats around seeds as in a peach pit
vascular tissues function in the distribution of….?
substances throughout the plant
_____ uses 2 kinds of cells (dead at maturity) to conduct water and minerals absorbed from soil
1) \_\_\_\_\_ are shorter cells joined end to end to form a vessel with perforation plates at the ends of each member
2) \_\_\_\_\_ are long cells with tapered, overlapping end
Xylem; vessel members; tracheids
Phloem transports _____ and other solutes throughout the plant body
sugars
Phloem contains living conducting cells called ______ _____ which bear clusters of pores in the walls through which the cytoplasm of adjacent cells is connected
sievetube members
*What are companion cells?
they are adjacent to the sieve tube members, help to load sugars produced in leaves and unload them in storage and growth regions (cells part of phloem)
the leaf vein is made up of…?
xylem and phloem (vascular bundles)
a dermal tissue system called ____ covers all primary plant parts
epidermis
What does the waxy cuticle that covers the external surfaces of leaves function to?
restrict water loss and resist microbial attack
Stromata openings between pairs of guard cells …?
permit water and gaseous exchange with the air.
stromata allows for trafficing of CO2.
When a stromata opens, water is released.
guard cells keep stromata closed (to conserve water) and open them quickly when gas exchange is needed.
name the differences between monocots and dicots
Monocots:
- 1 cotyledon (embryonic leaf)
- floral parts occur in 3 or multiples of 3
- veins in leaves are in straight lines/ parallel
- pollen grain has 1 pore
- vascular bundles complexly arranged
- fibrous root system
Dicots:
- 2 cotyledon
- floral parts usually in multiples 4 or 5
- veins in leave are usually netlike
- pollen grain has 3/4 holes
- vascular bundles in ring
- taproot system
How many poplar, oak, maple?
simple leaf (single leaf)
How many red buckey, black locust and honey locust
have leaflets complex leafs
buds give rise to ____
branches
branches are ___ shoots
lateral
shoot apricalmeristem produces ….?
suppression hormones to control bud production<- control rate of branch number.
if you cut the meristem, bud will assume dominance to keep plant going
Phloeum transports sugar ___ of leaf
xylem transports water ___ leaf
out; into
why do tropic leaves have less cuticle because environment is more ____
humid
lower epidermis contains most of the ___
stroma
leaves develop from ____ along the apical meristems stems
leaf primodia
What is the node point on a lea?
the node is the point where a leaf / leaves attach to the stem
an intermode is the region on the stem between __ nodes
2
where do buds develop?
in the leaf axils (the upper angle where leaves attach to the stem)
what is a bud
a bud is an undeveloped shoot of mostly meristematic tissue covered by modified leaves (bud scales)
what do buds gve rise to?
branches, stems, leaves flowers
What are vascular bundle?
is a multistranded cord of primary xylem and phloem running lengthwise through the ground tissue of shoots
what are the differences in vascular bundles between dicots and monocots
- the stems of most dicots have vascular bundles arranged as a ring that divides the ground that divides the ground tissue into the outer cortex and inner path
- in most monocots, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue
leaves are metabolic factories equipped with _____ __
photosynthetic cells
deciduous trees ____ their leaves as winter approaches, evergreens ___ theirs
drops; retains
What does the epidermis of leaves cover?
it covers every leaf surface exposed to air
a cuticle layer minimizes ____
water loss
What is involved in gaseous exchange?
air spaces
mesophyll consisting of _____ _____ cells extends throughout the interior of the leaf
photosynthetic parenchyma
Where does the palisade mesophyll lie close to?
the epidermis
where do lateral root originate from?
originate from pericycle
where do root hairs originate from?
protoderm gives rise to the root epidermis with its extentions called root hairs
what is the function of root hairs and lateral roots?
they maximize surface area for nutrients
vascular tissues form a ___ __ arranged as a central column
vascular cylinder.
the column is surrounded by root cortex (ground tissue), which has abundant spaces within it.
what is the endodermis
the innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder and helps control water movement into it
just inside the endodermis is the ____- it is meristematic and can give rise to the lateral roots.
pericycle
gibberellins regulate ____
height
auxins promote ____
growth (cell elongation)
cytokinins usually stimulate _____
cell division and move from root upward to shoot
abscisic acid (ABA) is a ____
growth inhibitor
its involved in abscission or leaf and fruit drop
ethylene is involved in _____
fruit ripening
What are the ground tissues?
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Chyma= ground
A dermal tissue called epidermis covers all primary plant parts. List characteristics
- A waxy cuticle(restrict water loss)
- Stomata and guard cells (gaseous exchange and permits water)
- Periderm replaces epidermis when stems become woody
Strings in celery
Collenchyma: thickened and help strengthen the plant
Sclerenchyma can form fibers such as in ______ and flax.
Hemp
Sclerenchyma called ________ form strong coats around seeds as in a peach pit
Sclereids
