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Chemistry > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an amine?

A

It is an organic compound which is derived from ammonia and which one or more H atoms in ammonia have been replaced by carbon ring or carbon chain.

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2
Q

What is an aliphatic amine?

A

It’s when the nitrogen atom is attached to at least one straight or branched carbon chain (alkyl group).

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3
Q

What is an aromatic amine?

A

It’s when the nitrogen atom is attached to at least one aromatic ring.

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4
Q

What can amines be classified as?

A

Primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups (group derived from aromatic rings) which is attached to the N atom.

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5
Q

How does Serotonin act?

A

It acts as a neurotransmitter responsible for the control of appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, muscle contraction and depression.

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6
Q

Where is pseudoeptidine round and what does it do?

A

Its found in decongestion medicine ie nose drops and cold remedies. It works by shrinking the nasal membranes and inhibiting nasal secretions

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7
Q

How do you name a primary amine with the -NH2 at the end of the chain?

A 
Prefix = alkyl
Suffix = amine
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8
Q

Name CH3NH2?

A

Methylamine

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9
Q

How do you name a primary amine with the -NH2 not at the end of the chain?

A 
Prefix = amino
Suffix = longest carbon chain
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10
Q

How do you name an amine with more than one primary group?

A 
Prefix = Di, tri, amino 
Suffix = name of the longest carbon chain
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11
Q

Name H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2

A

1,4- diaminobutane

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12
Q

How do you name a secondary or tertiary amine with the same alkyl group?

A 
Prefix = di or tri alkyl 
Suffix = amine
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13
Q

Name (C6H5)3N?

A

Triphenylamine

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14
Q

Name (CH3CH2CH2)NH?

A

Dipropylamine

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15
Q

How do you name a secondary or tertiary amine with the different alkyl groups?

A

Give the largest chain the suffix -amine

give the shorter chain(s) as N-prefixes in alphabetical order

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16
Q

What do amines act as?

A

A base due to the lone pair of electrons on the N, which accept a proton to form a dative covalent bond.

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17
Q

What can amines neutralise?

A

Acids to become salts

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18
Q

Write an equation for ammonia + nitric acid

A

NH3 + HNO3 –> NH4+NO3-

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19
Q

Write the product for diethyl amine + hydrochloric acid

A

(CH3CH2)2NH2+Cl-

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20
Q

Write an equation for 1,2-diaminoethane + hydrochloric acid

A

H2NCH2CH2NH2 + 2HCl –> Cl-+H3NCH2CH2NH3+Cl-

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21
Q

Write an equation for phenyl amine + sulphuric acid

A

2C6H5NH2 + H2SO4 –> (C6H5NH3+)2SO42-

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22
Q

What does ammonia act as?

A

A nucleophile when replacing the halogen on a halo alkane with the NH2 group

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23
Q

How do you prepare a primary aliphatic amine?

A
  1. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
    ammonia reacts with a haloalkane to form an amine salt
  2. Aq excess alkali is added to generate an amine from the salt
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24
Q

How do you prepare a secondary or tertiary aliphatic amine?

A
  1. Make a primary aliphatic amine like previously.
  2. React further with more haloalkane to produce secondary amine salt.
  3. React with NaOH to produce secondary amine
  4. React further with more haloalkane to produce tertiary amine salt.
  5. React with NaOH to produce tertiary amine
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25
Q

What are the essential conditions producing aliphatic amines?

A
  1. Ethanol as the solvent, NOT water

2. EXCESS ammonia ensures no haloalkane is left over to react with the primary amine product

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26
Q

Can nucleophilic substitution work on aromatic amides?

A

No ammonia can’t

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27
Q

How are aromatic amines prepared?

A

They are reduced by the nitro group

  1. Sn/ conc HCl reflux (red agent)
  2. Excess NaOH (aq)
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28
Q

What reaction is the preparation of amides?

A

Condensation

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29
Q

How are amides formed?

A

From the reaction of acyl chlorides with either ammonia, primary or secondary amines

30
Q

Acyl chloride + ammonia

A

Primary amide + HCl (reacts with another mole of ammonia)

31
Q

Acyl chloride + 2 ammonia

A

Primary amide + ammonium salt

32
Q

Acyl chloride + 2 primary amine

A

secondary amide + salt of primary amide

33
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

It is a organic compound containing both amine, NH2 and carboxylic acid, COOH functional groups. An a-amino acid is when the amine group is attached to the a-carbon (one adjacent to the carboxyl group)

34
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

A

20

35
Q

What does the COOH act as?

A

An acid (proton donor) to make a salt

36
Q

What does the NH2 act as?

A

A base (proton acceptor) to make a salt

37
Q

How can carboxylic acids be esterifed?

A

By heating with an alcohol, with the presence of conc H2SO4

38
Q

What happens under acidic conditions to the amine during esterification?

A

The amine will be protonated.

39
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

40
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Same molecular and structural formula but different arrangement in 3-D space.

41
Q

What are EZ isomers?

A

It’s when there is no rotation around the C=C each carbon in the C=C needs to be connected to 2 different substituents

42
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

These are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

43
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

A molecule which contains four different groups attached to it this molecule will exist as an optical isomer.

44
Q

What are optical isomers also known as?

A

Enantisomers

45
Q

When can there not be a chiral carbon?

A

If it doesn’t contain 4 single bonds.

Double bonded carbons and benzene carbons.

46
Q

What molecules contain chiral carbons?

A

a-amino acids apart from glycine

47
Q

Describe optical isomers and the body.

A

Naturally occurring amino acid are always one particular optical isomer. Enzymes of protein hormones are also one particular. Any medicinal molecules must be manufactured as a single optical isomer so that it can interact with the binding side of the active site so that it fits properly. The other isomer is usually pharmacologically inactive but may cause harmful effects. Thalidomide was marketed and administered as a mixture of enantiomers in which one had a pharmacological effect and the other suppressed foetal growth.

48
Q

How can enantiomers interact differently with chiral receptors?

A

When you smell or taste something

49
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

It is the joining of monomers via a condensation reaction i.e. the elimination of a small molecule usually water or hydrogen chloride. For this reaction to different functional groups are needed.

50
Q

Name some condensation polymers?

A

Polyesters and polyamides

51
Q

What is a polyester?

A

It is made from monomers which are joined by ester linkages along a chain to form a polymer.

52
Q

Polyesters can be made from one monomer containing what different functional groups?

A

A carboxylic acid and an alcohol group

53
Q

Polyesters can be made from two monomer containing what different functional groups?

A
  • one monomer is a diol with two hydroxyl groups (or phenols)
  • one monomer is a dicarboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups (or diacyl chloride )
54
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

It is the chemical breakdown of a compound in the presence of water or aqueous solution.

55
Q

What conditions are carried out when hydrolysing and ester?

A

Either acidic or alkaline

56
Q

Describe acid hydrolysis of an ester?

A

It’s heated under reflux with dilute aqueous acid, and equilibrium is set up.The acid acts as a catalyst this is the reverse of esterification.

Products: CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL

57
Q

Describe alkaline hydrolysis of an ester?

A

Yes there is heated under reflux with aqueous 0H ions. The reaction is irreversible and a carboxylate ion is formed.
Products: CARBOXYLATE ION + ALCOHOL

58
Q

What is formed in base hydrolysis (reflux: NaOH/H2O) of a polyester?

A

Salt of carboxylic acid (sodium salt)

Alcohol

59
Q

What is formed in acid hydrolysis (reflux: H+/H2O) of a polyester?

A

Carboxylic acid

Alcohol

60
Q

What are polyamides?

A

They are condensation polymers which are formed when monomers are joined by amide linkages in a long chain to form the polymer.

61
Q

Polyamides can be made from one monomer containing what different functional groups?

A

An amine and a carboxylic acid (or acyl chloride)

62
Q

What happens when a-amino acids combine?

A

They form a polypeptide

63
Q

Polyamides can be made from two monomer containing what different functional groups?

A
  • one monomer is a diamine

- one monomer is a dicarboxylic acid (or diacyl chloride)

64
Q

How can amides be hydrolysed?

A

With aqueous alkali or acid

65
Q

Describe acid hydrolysis of amides?

A

Amide —> carboxylic acid + protonated amine

66
Q

Describe alkaline hydrolysis of amides?

A

Amide —> carboxylate ion + amine

67
Q

What is formed in base hydrolysis (reflux: NaOH/H2O) of a polyamide?

A

Salt of dicarboxylic acid

diamine

68
Q

What is formed in acid hydrolysis (reflux: H+/H2O) of a polyamide?

A

Dicarboxylic acid

diamine salt

69
Q

What can happen in some cases with monomers of two different functional groups if it doesn’t form a polymer?

A

It can form a cyclic product (reacts with itself)

70
Q

Describe the characteristics of addition polymerisation

A

Monomer contains C=C bond.

Backbone of polymer is a continuous chain of carbon atoms.

71
Q

Describe the characteristics of condensation polymerisation

A

Two monomers each with 2 functional groups (HOOCCH2COOH & HOCH2CH2OH)
One monomer containing 2 different functional groups
Polymer containing ester or amide linkages.

Chemistry (23 decks)

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