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chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

weathering

A

is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

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2
Q

soil

A

is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water,and air that is capable of supporting life

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3
Q

erosion

A

is the removal of a surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

As rocks weather, erosianal agents like water, ice wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

depositon

A

when the erosional agent slows down or melts, it drops the sediment load in a process

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6
Q

drainage basin

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to shoreline

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8
Q

weathering definition

A

is the process of physical or chemical breakdown of materials at or near
Earth’s surface

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9
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate

A

no

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10
Q

what are two main factors that determine how fast a rock will

A

weather, climate, and time

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11
Q

what are two types of weathering

A

mechanical and chemical

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12
Q

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging and biological activity

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13
Q

what change happens with mechanical weathering

A

breaks down rocks

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14
Q

what are 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging, biological activity, collisions

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15
Q

what causes frost wedging

A

water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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16
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

plants and animals

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17
Q

what causes biological activity

A
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18
Q

what are two types of chemical weathering caused by

A
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19
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen

A
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20
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by water

A

hysdolisis

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21
Q

soil definition

A

is a mixture weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting life

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22
Q

what is parent material

A
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23
Q

what are soil horizons

A
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24
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6

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25
Q

true or false all soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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26
Q

what does first soil horizon contain

A

organic material

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27
Q

what does the second horizon mostly made up of

A

mostly materials

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28
Q

what is the difference between weathering and erosion

A

weathering breaks down materials and erosion is the removal of surface material

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29
Q

if the slope of a river decreases what will happen to the speed of the river

A

it will decrease

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30
Q

smalls streams flow into large rivers are called

A

tributes

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31
Q

land areas that gathers water for a major water is called

A

a drainage basin

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32
Q

a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called

A

drainage divides

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33
Q

as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface creating

A

channels

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34
Q

young rivers are

A

V-shaped due to fast movement

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35
Q

what rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

A

mature rivers

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36
Q

what type of landform is created when rivers flood and drop their sediment load

A

flood plains

37
Q

what is a fan shaped deposit at the mouth river

A

deltas

38
Q

what are distributaries

A

branching channels created by deltas

39
Q

what is formed when the mouth of a river or stream enters a dry land

A

aluvial fans

40
Q

what are two types of glaciers

A

valley and continental

41
Q

where do valley glaciers form

A

high mountainous regions

42
Q

where do continental glaciers forms

A

colder climates and occupy large land areas

43
Q

where are two continental glaciers located

A

Greenland and Antarctica

44
Q

what is a cirque

A

a bowl shaped basin

45
Q

what is an arete

A

large sharp ridge line between valley glaciers

46
Q

what is a horn in a mountains region

A

sharpened peaks

47
Q

what shape of valley do valley glacier form what are tributary glaciers

A

u-shaped valleys

48
Q

what type of valleys do tributary glaciers form

A
49
Q

on which side of a dune does erosion occur

A

windward side

50
Q

what side does deposition occur on

A

leeward side

51
Q

what is deflation

A

deflation is the removal of small particles by wind

52
Q

what is desert pavement

A

when small particles are removed

53
Q

the shape and sizes of landforms depends on

A

wind speed sediment that blows

54
Q

what are three landforms

A

coastal cliffs, see stacks, and sea arches

55
Q

what are two examples of wave deposition

A

sand bars and sand spits

56
Q

infiltration

A

is the process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

57
Q

water table

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

58
Q

aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

59
Q

porosity

A

of a material is the the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space

60
Q

absolute dating

A

is the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object or event

61
Q

relative dating

A

is the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

62
Q

uninforitarianism

A

states the laws of nature

63
Q

principle of superposition

A

states that in an undisturbed sequence of of sedimentary rock layers

64
Q

unconformities

A

are gaps in the rock record during which an erosion occurred or deposition was absent

65
Q

fossils

A

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock record

66
Q

what percentage of water on earth is salt water

A

97 percent

67
Q

what percentage of water on earth is freshwater

A

3 percent

68
Q

where is the majority of freshwater found

A

glaciers

69
Q

where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found

A

lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water

70
Q

what is precipitation

A

when water vapor cools and condenses

71
Q

what is runoff

A

water running of the land surface

72
Q

what is infiltration

A

the process of when water enters earth and becomes groundwater

73
Q

what is transpirtation

A

plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

74
Q

what is evaporation

A

when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

75
Q

what is condensation

A

when water vapor collides with water vapor molecules to form water droplets

76
Q

what is the water cycle

A

water on the land that goes into the atmosphere and returns to the land

77
Q

what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage

A

a porous area where water easily passes through

78
Q

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage

A

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space

79
Q

what is a water table

A

the upper boundary of the unsaturated zone

80
Q

what does it mean if sediment is permeable

A

it is easier for water to infiltrate through the ground

81
Q

what is an aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

82
Q

what is the name of the great plains aquifer

A

ogallala aquifer

83
Q

how many states does the great the plains aquifer run through

A

8 states

84
Q

what are the names of the states that the great plains aquifer runs through

A

SD, WY, NE, CO, KS, OK, NM, and TX

85
Q

what is an aquitard

A

`keep water confined

86
Q

how are water spring formed

A

is where the water table meets the earth surface

87
Q

what is an artesian well

A

wells drilled into pressurized aquifers

88
Q

what is a cone of depression

A

the direction that the water flows into the well

physical science (8 decks)

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