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Physical Science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of minerals on Earth’s surface.

A

Weathering.

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2
Q

Mixture of weathered rock,organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life.

A

Soil

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3
Q

removal of surface material though the process of weathering

A

Erosion

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4
Q

As rocks weathering, erosional agent like water, ice, wind, and gravity eroded materials from one place to another.

A

Sediment transport

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5
Q

The erosional agent slows down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts, it drops this sediment load.

A

deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for a major river.

A

Drainage basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

Longshore currents

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8
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

No

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type

landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical

chemical

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11
Q

What types of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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12
Q

What types of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

chemical changes changes color

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13
Q

What are the three specific type mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging
Biological Activity
Collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

Occurs when water collects in the cracks of rock and then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

After a number of “Freeze-Thaw cycles” the rock will break apart

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plant

animal activity

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What are parent minerals?

A

where soil forms from

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19
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

the different layers of soil

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20
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

up to 6

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21
Q

True or False.All soils contain every soil horizon.

A

False

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22
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A 
O horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
C horizon
R horizon
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23
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

Organic material

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24
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

Mostly minerals

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25
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

E horizon

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26
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

Horizon B

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27
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

Horizon C

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28
Q

Which soil horizons make up top soil?

A

O and A horizon

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29
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R

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30
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E and B

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31
Q

What are the two types of chemical weathering?

A

Oxygen

Water

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32
Q

What are chemical change due to oxygen?

A

Oxidation

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33
Q

Chemical changes due to water?

A

Hydrolysis

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34
Q

Which horizons make up the true soil

A

O Horizons
A
E
B

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35
Q

What is the difference of weathering and erosion

A

Weathering breakdown materials

Erosion Removal of surface material

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36
Q

IF the slope of a river decreases, does the speed decrease or increase

A

Decrease

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37
Q

What are small streams that flow into larger river?

A

Tributaries

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38
Q

What is an land area that gathers water for a major river called>

A

Drainage basin

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39
Q

What a boundary that separates distinct drainage basin>

A

Drainage divide

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40
Q

As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating?

A

Channels

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41
Q

What is young rivers that has fast movement?

A

V-Shaped

42
Q

What type of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?

A

Mature river

43
Q

When rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land form is created?

A

Flood plains

44
Q

What are the fan-shaped sediment deposits will form at the mouth of the river?

A

Deltas

45
Q

What are the branching channels created by delta?

A

Distributes

46
Q

What dorms when a river or stream enter into dry lands

A

Alluvial fans

47
Q

What are the two type of glaciers

A

valley

continental

48
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

high, mountainous regions

49
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

Large land areas in colder climates

50
Q

where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

Greenland

Antarctica

51
Q

What are cirque?

A

Bowl shaped basins

52
Q

What is an arete?

A

From where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridge line

53
Q

What is a horn?

A

Sharpened peaks?

54
Q

What shape of valleys do valley glaciers make?

A

u-shaped valleys

55
Q

What is a tributary glaciers?

A

Small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers

56
Q

What type of valley do tributary glaciers create?

A

Hanging valleys

57
Q

Which side does the dune does erosion occur?

A

Windward

58
Q

Which side of the dune does deposition occur?

A

Leeward

59
Q

What is it called when the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind?

A

Deflation

60
Q

What is it called when small particles are removed. the remaining surface?

A

Dessert Pavement

61
Q

What does the shape and sizes of landforms due do wind depend on?

A

wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply

62
Q

What are some landforms created by erosion

A

Coastal Cliffs
Sea Stacks
Sea Arches

63
Q

What are two examples of wave deposition?

A

Sand bars

Sand spits

64
Q

What is a sand bar?

A

Landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

65
Q

What is sand spits?

A

They are like sand bars but they curve back toward land in a hook shape

66
Q

What can cause mass wasting?

A

snow
heavy rain
earthquakes
human activity

67
Q

What are examples of mass wasting

A

Rock slides
mud flows
landslides

68
Q

Infiltration

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

69
Q

water table

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

70
Q

Aquifer

A

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

71
Q

Porosity

A

Material is the percentage of the material’s total volume that is pore space

72
Q

Absolute dating

A

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event.

73
Q

Relative dating

A

the process of placing objects or event in their proper order in time.

74
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past.

75
Q

Principle of superposition

A

that in an undistributed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom

76
Q

Unconformities

A

gaps records in the rock record during with either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

77
Q

fossils

A

The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

78
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?

A

97%

79
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

80
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

glaciers

81
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

lakes, rivers, and groundwater

82
Q

What is precipitation?

A

When water vapor in the air cools and condenses

ex:Rain, snow

83
Q

What is runoff

A

Water running off the land surface

84
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

85
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere though their leaves

86
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

87
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets

88
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Water on land that goes to the atmosphere and goes back to the land

89
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

A porous where water easily passes through

90
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

Beneath the unsaturated zone where water completely fills the pore space

91
Q

What is water table?

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

92
Q

What does it mean of sediment is permeable?

A

The more permeable the material is the easier water can infiltrate though the ground

93
Q

What is an aquifier?

A

a rock unit that dab transfer water through the pore spaces?

94
Q

What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

95
Q

How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run though?

A

8

96
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs though?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado. Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

97
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

keeps water confined

98
Q

How are water springs formed?

A

Where the water table naturally meets Earth’s surface

99
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

drilled into pressurized aquifers

100
Q

What is a cone of depression?

A

The direction that the water flows towards the well

Physical Science (5 decks)

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