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Physical Science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of minerals on Earth’s surface.

A

Weathering.

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2
Q

Mixture of weathered rock,organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life.

A

Soil

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3
Q

removal of surface material though the process of weathering

A

Erosion

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4
Q

As rocks weathering, erosional agent like water, ice, wind, and gravity eroded materials from one place to another.

A

Sediment transport

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5
Q

The erosional agent slows down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts, it drops this sediment load.

A

deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for a major river.

A

Drainage basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

Longshore currents

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8
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

No

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type

landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical

chemical

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11
Q

What types of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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12
Q

What types of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

chemical changes changes color

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13
Q

What are the three specific type mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging
Biological Activity
Collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

Occurs when water collects in the cracks of rock and then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

After a number of “Freeze-Thaw cycles” the rock will break apart

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plant

animal activity

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What are parent minerals?

A

where soil forms from

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19
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

the different layers of soil

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20
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

up to 6

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21
Q

True or False.All soils contain every soil horizon.

A

False

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22
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A 
O horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
C horizon
R horizon
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23
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

Organic material

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24
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

Mostly minerals

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25
Which layer does leaching occur?
E horizon
26
Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?
Horizon B
27
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
Horizon C
28
Which soil horizons make up top soil?
O and A horizon
29
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
R
30
Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
E and B
31
What are the two types of chemical weathering?
Oxygen | Water
32
What are chemical change due to oxygen?
Oxidation
33
Chemical changes due to water?
Hydrolysis
34
Which horizons make up the true soil
O Horizons A E B
35
What is the difference of weathering and erosion
Weathering breakdown materials | Erosion Removal of surface material
36
IF the slope of a river decreases, does the speed decrease or increase
Decrease
37
What are small streams that flow into larger river?
Tributaries
38
What is an land area that gathers water for a major river called>
Drainage basin
39
What a boundary that separates distinct drainage basin>
Drainage divide
40
As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth's surface creating?
Channels
41
What is young rivers that has fast movement?
V-Shaped
42
What type of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes?
Mature river
43
When rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land form is created?
Flood plains
44
What are the fan-shaped sediment deposits will form at the mouth of the river?
Deltas
45
What are the branching channels created by delta?
Distributes
46
What dorms when a river or stream enter into dry lands
Alluvial fans
47
What are the two type of glaciers
valley | continental
48
Where do valley glaciers form?
high, mountainous regions
49
Where do continental glaciers form?
Large land areas in colder climates
50
where are the two continental glaciers located?
Greenland | Antarctica
51
What are cirque?
Bowl shaped basins
52
What is an arete?
From where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridge line
53
What is a horn?
Sharpened peaks?
54
What shape of valleys do valley glaciers make?
u-shaped valleys
55
What is a tributary glaciers?
Small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers
56
What type of valley do tributary glaciers create?
Hanging valleys
57
Which side does the dune does erosion occur?
Windward
58
Which side of the dune does deposition occur?
Leeward
59
What is it called when the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind?
Deflation
60
What is it called when small particles are removed. the remaining surface?
Dessert Pavement
61
What does the shape and sizes of landforms due do wind depend on?
wind speed amount of time the wind blows sediment supply
62
What are some landforms created by erosion
Coastal Cliffs Sea Stacks Sea Arches
63
What are two examples of wave deposition?
Sand bars | Sand spits
64
What is a sand bar?
Landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
65
What is sand spits?
They are like sand bars but they curve back toward land in a hook shape
66
What can cause mass wasting?
snow heavy rain earthquakes human activity
67
What are examples of mass wasting
Rock slides mud flows landslides
68
Infiltration
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
69
water table
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
70
Aquifer
A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
71
Porosity
Material is the percentage of the material's total volume that is pore space
72
Absolute dating
The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event.
73
Relative dating
the process of placing objects or event in their proper order in time.
74
Uniformitarianism
the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past.
75
Principle of superposition
that in an undistributed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
76
Unconformities
gaps records in the rock record during with either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
77
fossils
The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record
78
What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?
97%
79
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3%
80
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
glaciers
81
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
lakes, rivers, and groundwater
82
What is precipitation?
When water vapor in the air cools and condenses | ex:Rain, snow
83
What is runoff
Water running off the land surface
84
What is infiltration?
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
85
What is transpiration?
When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere though their leaves
86
What is evaporation?
When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
87
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
88
What is the water cycle?
Water on land that goes to the atmosphere and goes back to the land
89
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
A porous where water easily passes through
90
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
Beneath the unsaturated zone where water completely fills the pore space
91
What is water table?
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
92
What does it mean of sediment is permeable?
The more permeable the material is the easier water can infiltrate though the ground
93
What is an aquifier?
a rock unit that dab transfer water through the pore spaces?
94
What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer?
Ogallala Aquifer
95
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run though?
8
96
What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs though?
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado. Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
97
What is an aquitard?
keeps water confined
98
How are water springs formed?
Where the water table naturally meets Earth's surface
99
What is an artesian well?
drilled into pressurized aquifers
100
What is a cone of depression?
The direction that the water flows towards the well

Physical Science (5 decks)

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