Chapter 26: Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Question 1

List the normal microbiota of the adult vagina

Answer 1

a. Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile
b. Lactobacilli are predominant in the vagina
i. Produce H2O2
ii. Grow on glycogen secretions
c. Infection is indicated by:
i. >10,000 bacteria/ml
ii. 100 coliforms/ml
iii. Positive urine leukocyte esterase (LE) test- neutrophil enzyme

Question 2

Describe and give the etiological agents of cystitis

Answer 2

a. inflammation of the urinary bladdes in females
b. Usual causative agents:
i. E. coli
ii. S. saprophyticus
c. Symptoms:
i. Dysuria (difficult or painful urination)
ii. Pyuria (pus in urine)
d. Diagnosis: >100 CFU/ml potential pathogens and + LE test
e. Treatment: Trimethoprim-sulfamethexazole

Question 3

Describe cause and treatment for

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Answer 3

Lymphogranuloma venereum – caused by Chlamidia trachomatis, treated by doxycycline

Question 4

Explain how the pH of the adult vagina is maintained

Answer 4

a. Lactobacilli are predominant in the vagina
i. Produce H2O2- inhibit other bacteria
ii. Grow on glycogen secretions
iii. Production of lactic acid from glucose

Question 5

Explain the difference in microbial numbers found in a normal urine sample vs a sample containing a potential infection

Answer 5

a. >10,000 bacteria/ml
b. 100 coliforms/ml
c. <10,000 bacteria/ml is inconclusive, can be due to sample contamination

Question 6

List nosocomial infections of the urinary tract

Answer 6

a. Urethritis- inflammation of the urethra
b. Ureteritis- inflammation of the ureter
c. Cystitis- inflammation of the bladder
d. Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the kidneys

Question 7

Most common reportable disease in the US

Answer 7

Gnorrhoea

Question 8

List diseases caused by Chlamydia

Answer 8

a. Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
b. Lymphogranuloma venerum
c. Trachoma

Question 9

List the most common disease in USA and treatment

Answer 9

a. Gonorrohea
b. caused by N. gonorrhoeae,
c. treated with cephalosporins
d. Treatment with fluoroquinolones is no longer recommended due to increased resistance to the antibiotic.

Question 10

Explain PID - pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 10

a. Can affect uterus, cervix, uterine tubes, and ovaries
b. Polymicrobic, usually
i. N. gonorrhoeae
ii. C. trachomatis
c. Causes salpingitis (infection of uterine tubes)
d. Symptoms: Chronic abdominal pain
e. Treatment: Doxycycline and cefoxitin
f. Can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancies

Question 11

Describe cause and treatment for genital warts

Answer 11

Genital warts- caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV), treated with antiviral drugs such as podofilox and imiquimod (Aldara)

Question 12

Describe the cause and treatment for Candidiasis

Answer 12

Candidiasis- caused by Candida albicans, treated by Clotrimazole, miconazole, and fluconazole

Question 13

Describe the cause and treatment for Syphillis

Answer 13

Syphilis- caused by Treponema pallidum, treated with benzathine penicillin

Question 14

Describe the cause and treatment for

Trichomoniasis

Answer 14

Trichomoniasis- caused by the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis, treated by metronidazole

Question 15

Describe the cause and treatment for

Gnorrhea

Answer 15

Ghonorrhea – caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, treated with cepahlosporins