Chapter 26 (Integration of Metabolism)

Question 1

Where each pathway takes place:

1. Glycolysis
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Glycogen Metabolism

Answer 1

1. All tissues / in the cytosol
2. Liver and kidneys (Glc-6 Phosphatase) / matrix to cytosol to ER
3. Liver (blood glc) and muscle (power) / in the cytosol

Question 2

Where each pathway takes place:

4. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
5. Citric Acide Cycle
6. E- Transport / Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 2

4. All tissues (mostly liver and adipose) / cytosol
5. All tissues that have mitochondria (not RBCs)
6. In the mitochondria

Question 3

Where each pathway takes place:

7. FA Metabolism
8. Urea Cycle
9. AA Metabolism
10. Nucleoside Metabolism

Answer 3

7. Most tissues (mostly in the muscle tissue) / synthesis = cytosol and catabolism = matrix
8. Liver (ammonia) and kidney / matrix to cytosol
9. Liver (except branch-chained AAs)
10. All tissues / in the cytosol

Question 4

1/3rd of muscle is composed of these 3 AAs

Answer 4

Branch-chained
Ile
Val
Leu

Question 5

The fasted state leads to an increase [___] which produces a phosphorylation cascade

Answer 5

cAMP

Question 6

Glucose can last (time) after fasting

Answer 6

24 hours

Question 7

Increase/decrease concentrations during fasting:
Glucose:
Ketone bodies:
Muscle protein degradation:

Answer 7

decrease
increase
decrease

Question 8

The brain cannot use FAs as a fuel source because:

Answer 8

FAs cannot transverse the blood/brain barrier

Question 9

GLUT 3

Answer 9

facilitates transportation of glucose to the brain

Question 10

An increase in [___] turns on all ATP synthesis pathways and turns off all (catabolic/anabolic) pathways

Answer 10

AMP

anabolic

Question 11

Two enzymes that are responsible for rapid ATP generation in the muscle during exercise

Answer 11

Adenylate Kinase

Phosphocreatine Kinase

Question 12

VO2 max

Answer 12

maximum rate when O2 is the rate limiting factor

Question 13

When we get tired while running that means:

Answer 13

our branched chain catabolism is too slow

Question 14

Fast Twitch muscles use (aerobic/anaerobic) respiration

Answer 14

anaerobic

Question 15

Fast Twitch muscles are (color) because:

Are normally found in (bird)

Answer 15

white
because of low mitochondria density and low myoglobin
chickens (quick bursts of energy)

Question 16

Slow Twitch muscles are (color) because:

Are normally found in (bird)

Answer 16

red
because of the opposite of Slow Twitch
ducks (long, continuous exercise)

Question 17

Phosphocreatine is synthesized in the (organ) and converted into ___ which is utilized 95% in the ___

Answer 17

liver
creatine
muscle

Question 18

If the kidneys are not functioning properly this will lead to a (increase/decrease) in [creatine]

Answer 18

increase

Question 19

Muscle fatigue is caused by:

Answer 19

a decrease in the pH due to the protons generated during the conversion of glucose into 2 lactates

Question 20

As we exercise the activity of PFK-1 in muscle tissue (increases/decreases) as the pH decreases, slowing down (pathway) which prevents us from:

Answer 20

decreases
glycolysis
exercising to death

Question 21

(Compounds) are a last resort fuel during fasting

Answer 21

Proteins

Question 22

What happens to the muscle protein during fasting or prolonged periods of exercise?

Answer 22

It is broken down into AAs and are used to generate ATP

Question 23

We see an increase in which 2 AAs during long-term muscle exertion

Answer 23

Alanine

Glutamine

Question 24

Cori Cycle:
during short-term exercise pyruvate is converted into ___
during long-term exercise pyruvate is converted into ___

Answer 24

lactate

alanine

Question 25

Exercise training makes the muscles more efficient at:

Answer 25

utilizing FAs and Ketone Bodies for fuel

Question 26

Marathon runners can sprint to the finish because they still have (compound) reserves

Answer 26

glycogen

Question 27

VO2 max is the conversion of muscle ___ into ___

Answer 27

glycogen

CO2

Question 28

Fuel of choice for the heart muscle

Answer 28

Ketone bodies

Question 29

4 compounds that can be used to fuel the heart muscle

Answer 29

Lactate
Glucose
Ketone bodies
FAs
(practically any circulating carbohydrate)