Chapter 26 (Integration of Metabolism) Flashcards
Where each pathway takes place:
- Glycolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glycogen Metabolism
- All tissues / in the cytosol
- Liver and kidneys (Glc-6 Phosphatase) / matrix to cytosol to ER
- Liver (blood glc) and muscle (power) / in the cytosol
Where each pathway takes place:
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Citric Acide Cycle
- E- Transport / Oxidative Phosphorylation
- All tissues (mostly liver and adipose) / cytosol
- All tissues that have mitochondria (not RBCs)
- In the mitochondria
Where each pathway takes place:
- FA Metabolism
- Urea Cycle
- AA Metabolism
- Nucleoside Metabolism
- Most tissues (mostly in the muscle tissue) / synthesis = cytosol and catabolism = matrix
- Liver (ammonia) and kidney / matrix to cytosol
- Liver (except branch-chained AAs)
- All tissues / in the cytosol
1/3rd of muscle is composed of these 3 AAs
Branch-chained
Ile
Val
Leu
The fasted state leads to an increase [___] which produces a phosphorylation cascade
cAMP
Glucose can last (time) after fasting
24 hours
Increase/decrease concentrations during fasting:
Glucose:
Ketone bodies:
Muscle protein degradation:
decrease
increase
decrease
The brain cannot use FAs as a fuel source because:
FAs cannot transverse the blood/brain barrier
GLUT 3
facilitates transportation of glucose to the brain
An increase in [___] turns on all ATP synthesis pathways and turns off all (catabolic/anabolic) pathways
AMP
anabolic
Two enzymes that are responsible for rapid ATP generation in the muscle during exercise
Adenylate Kinase
Phosphocreatine Kinase
VO2 max
maximum rate when O2 is the rate limiting factor
When we get tired while running that means:
our branched chain catabolism is too slow
Fast Twitch muscles use (aerobic/anaerobic) respiration
anaerobic
Fast Twitch muscles are (color) because:
Are normally found in (bird)
white
because of low mitochondria density and low myoglobin
chickens (quick bursts of energy)
Slow Twitch muscles are (color) because:
Are normally found in (bird)
red
because of the opposite of Slow Twitch
ducks (long, continuous exercise)
Phosphocreatine is synthesized in the (organ) and converted into ___ which is utilized 95% in the ___
liver
creatine
muscle
If the kidneys are not functioning properly this will lead to a (increase/decrease) in [creatine]
increase
Muscle fatigue is caused by:
a decrease in the pH due to the protons generated during the conversion of glucose into 2 lactates
As we exercise the activity of PFK-1 in muscle tissue (increases/decreases) as the pH decreases, slowing down (pathway) which prevents us from:
decreases
glycolysis
exercising to death
(Compounds) are a last resort fuel during fasting
Proteins
What happens to the muscle protein during fasting or prolonged periods of exercise?
It is broken down into AAs and are used to generate ATP
We see an increase in which 2 AAs during long-term muscle exertion
Alanine
Glutamine
Cori Cycle:
during short-term exercise pyruvate is converted into ___
during long-term exercise pyruvate is converted into ___
lactate
alanine
Exercise training makes the muscles more efficient at:
utilizing FAs and Ketone Bodies for fuel
Marathon runners can sprint to the finish because they still have (compound) reserves
glycogen
VO2 max is the conversion of muscle ___ into ___
glycogen
CO2
Fuel of choice for the heart muscle
Ketone bodies
4 compounds that can be used to fuel the heart muscle
Lactate Glucose Ketone bodies FAs (practically any circulating carbohydrate)
