Chapter 26: Colonization of Land Flashcards
What supergroup are slime molds in?
Unikonta
What subgroup are slime molds in?
Amoebazoans
What defines a slime mold?
-They are multicellular decomposers
-They are NOT fungi
They have fruiting bodies with spores
What symbol is haploid?
(n)
What symbol is diploid?
(n2)
What happens to chromosomes in Meiosis when reproducing?
They are reduced in half.
What happens to chromosomes in fertilization when reproducing?
They double.
What supergroup are Nucleariids in?
Unikonta
What subgroup are Nucleariids in?
Opisthokonts
What defines a Nucleariid?
-They are unicellular.
-They have pseudopodia.
-They live in soil.
-They are sister taxa to fungi
How do plants and fungi benefit from each other?
Mutualism through mycorrhizae
What is a mycorrhizae?
A specialized hyphae that can exchange nutrients with plant root cells
What nutrients do plants get from fungi?
Nitrogen + Phosphorous
What are hyphae?
long, thin strands that absorb food
What do fungi get from plants?
Glucose (energy)
Do plants grow better with or without mycorrhizae?
Better with
Do plants with fungicide grow better?
NO!
What are the two types of mycorrhizae?
Ectomycorrhizae +Endomycorrhizae
What is ectomycorrhizae?
Mycorrhizae that moves between cells
What is endomycorrhizae?
Mycorrhizae that move inside plant cells
Why is increasing surface area useful?
-Nutrient absorption
-Gas exchange
-Metabolism
-Waste elimination
What structural adaptations do we see in nature that increase surface area?
-Projections
-Branching
-Flattening
-Folding
What is mycelium?
a large underground mat of hyphae
What does a chitin cell wall do for mushrooms?
makes them strong/flexible and prevents cells from bursting
How does a branching structure aid mushrooms?
It maximizes their surface area to volume ratio
What kind of enzymes do mushrooms secrete?
Hydrolytic
What do different enzymes produced by fungi do?
breaks down the compounds in living and dead tissue
What roles do fungi have in their ecological community?
Decomposers- chemical cycling
Mutualism- mycorrhizae, endophytes, lichens
Parasitism- causes diseases
What is lichen?
a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism (algae and cyanobacteria)
What are some parasitic interactions between fungi and animals?
-White-nose syndrome
-Cordyceps pp
-Ringworm
-Chytridomycosis
-Foot fungus
What are parasitic interactions between fungi and plants?
-Chestnut blight
-Potato blight
-powdery mildew
-Root rot
Are there more parasitic interactions of fungi with plants or animals?
Plants!
What supergroup are plants in?
Archaeplastida
Are plants more closely related to fungi or green alage?
Green algae
What is the sister taxa to plants?
Charophytes
What are the traits common to ALL plants?
-Multicellular
-Photoautotrophs
-Eukaryotic
-Cellulose cell walls
-chlorophyll a and b
-Sporopollenin
Which traits common to all plants are also common in volvox?
-Multicellular
-Photoautotrophs
-Eukaryotic
Which traits common to all plants are also common in green algae?
-Cellulose cell walls
-Chlorophyll a and b
-Sporopollenin
Which groups make up a monophyletic group?
Plants and both groups of green algae
Are green algae a monophyletic group on their own?
No - they are a paraphyletic group
What are the traits shared between Plants and Chlorophytes/Charophytes?
Cellulose cell walls and chlorophyll a + b
What are the traits shared between plants and just charophytes?
-Structure of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
-Flagellated sperm
-Sporopollenin
What is sporopollenin?
a durable polymer that prevents dessication
What are derived traits?
traits common in the organism but not the common ancestor
What are the derived traits of plants?
-Multicellular, dependent embryos (2N)
-Alteration of generations
-Sporangia
-Apical meristems
What are sporangia?
multicellular organs where walled spores are produced
What are apical meristems?
stem cells in localized regions of cell division in the tips of plant roots/stems
What is the hypothesis of plant evolutionary relationships?
1) Ancestral green algae [470mya]
2) Origin of vascular plants [425mya]
3) Origin of seed plants [360mya]
What are the four major plant groups?
Non-vascular, Seedless vascular, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
What is antheridia?
The sperm
What is archegonia?
The egg
What are moss characteristics? (6)
-Always short/carpet-like bc they are too thin and lack vascular tissue to support a tall form
-Transport by cell to cell
-They have rhizoids instead of roots
-Gametophyte dominant
-Need water for reproduction
-sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
What is vascular tissue?
Cell that are joined into long tubes that transport water, nutrients, food, and other materials throughout the plant!
What is Xylem?
Vascular cells that transport water and are strengthened by lignin.
What is lignin?
an important organic polymer abundant in cell walls
What is the “Age of Oxygen?”
It was the first major global cooling of the planet by fixing lots of CO2 due to plants growing tall and thriving
Where is most of our coal today from?
the death of giant ferns in anoxic swamps
What are seedless vascular plant (fern) characteristics? (5)
-Sporophyte dominant
-Well-developed roots/leaves
-Vascular tissue = tall ferns (but there is no vascular tissue in the fern gametophyte)
-Gametophyte is independent of sporophyte
-Water required for reproduction
What are gymnosperm characteristics? (3)
-Sporophyte dominant stage
-Gametophytes are microscopic and develop within the sporophyte
-Heterospory (spores come in two sexes- microsporangia = males, megasporangia)
What are seed plant characteristics (includes gymnosperms and angiosperms)? (4)
-seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations to battle living on dry land
-do not need water to reproduce
-have a longer life span than spores
-Already have a present food supply
What do all seeds have? (4)
-embryo sporophyte (2N)
-tissue from female gametophyte nourishes the embryo
-has an outer seed coat for protection
-seeds germinate to produce sporophyte
What happens in pollen never reaches the female gametophyte?
It will never produce sperm!
What is a seed?
an embryo with a food supply that is surrounded by a protective coat
What is pollen?
mobile male gametes that are protected by sporopollenin.
What is pollination?
the transfer of pollen to the part of the seed plant that contains ovules.
What are the reproductive structure of angiosperms?
Flowers
What are the mature flower ovaries in angiosperms?
Fruits
What are the adaptations of flowers? (2) What purpose do they serve?
bright colors and fragrance- to attract pollinators
What are the purposes of a fruit? (2)
Protect and disperse seeds
