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BIO 122 > Chapter 26: Colonization of Land > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Colonization of Land Flashcards

1
Q

What supergroup are slime molds in?

A

Unikonta

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2
Q

What subgroup are slime molds in?

A

Amoebazoans

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3
Q

What defines a slime mold?

A

-They are multicellular decomposers
-They are NOT fungi
They have fruiting bodies with spores

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4
Q

What symbol is haploid?

A

(n)

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5
Q

What symbol is diploid?

A

(n2)

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6
Q

What happens to chromosomes in Meiosis when reproducing?

A

They are reduced in half.

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7
Q

What happens to chromosomes in fertilization when reproducing?

A

They double.

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8
Q

What supergroup are Nucleariids in?

A

Unikonta

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9
Q

What subgroup are Nucleariids in?

A

Opisthokonts

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10
Q

What defines a Nucleariid?

A

-They are unicellular.
-They have pseudopodia.
-They live in soil.
-They are sister taxa to fungi

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11
Q

How do plants and fungi benefit from each other?

A

Mutualism through mycorrhizae

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12
Q

What is a mycorrhizae?

A

A specialized hyphae that can exchange nutrients with plant root cells

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13
Q

What nutrients do plants get from fungi?

A

Nitrogen + Phosphorous

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14
Q

What are hyphae?

A

long, thin strands that absorb food

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15
Q

What do fungi get from plants?

A

Glucose (energy)

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16
Q

Do plants grow better with or without mycorrhizae?

A

Better with

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17
Q

Do plants with fungicide grow better?

A

NO!

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18
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

A

Ectomycorrhizae +Endomycorrhizae

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19
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae that moves between cells

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20
Q

What is endomycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae that move inside plant cells

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21
Q

Why is increasing surface area useful?

A

-Nutrient absorption
-Gas exchange
-Metabolism
-Waste elimination

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22
Q

What structural adaptations do we see in nature that increase surface area?

A

-Projections
-Branching
-Flattening
-Folding

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23
Q

What is mycelium?

A

a large underground mat of hyphae

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24
Q

What does a chitin cell wall do for mushrooms?

A

makes them strong/flexible and prevents cells from bursting

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25
How does a branching structure aid mushrooms?
It maximizes their surface area to volume ratio
26
What kind of enzymes do mushrooms secrete?
Hydrolytic
27
What do different enzymes produced by fungi do?
breaks down the compounds in living and dead tissue
28
What roles do fungi have in their ecological community?
Decomposers- chemical cycling Mutualism- mycorrhizae, endophytes, lichens Parasitism- causes diseases
29
What is lichen?
a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism (algae and cyanobacteria)
30
What are some parasitic interactions between fungi and animals?
-White-nose syndrome -Cordyceps pp -Ringworm -Chytridomycosis -Foot fungus
31
What are parasitic interactions between fungi and plants?
-Chestnut blight -Potato blight -powdery mildew -Root rot
32
Are there more parasitic interactions of fungi with plants or animals?
Plants!
33
What supergroup are plants in?
Archaeplastida
34
Are plants more closely related to fungi or green alage?
Green algae
35
What is the sister taxa to plants?
Charophytes
36
What are the traits common to ALL plants?
-Multicellular -Photoautotrophs -Eukaryotic -Cellulose cell walls -chlorophyll a and b -Sporopollenin
37
Which traits common to all plants are also common in volvox?
-Multicellular -Photoautotrophs -Eukaryotic
38
Which traits common to all plants are also common in green algae?
-Cellulose cell walls -Chlorophyll a and b -Sporopollenin
39
Which groups make up a monophyletic group?
Plants and both groups of green algae
40
Are green algae a monophyletic group on their own?
No - they are a paraphyletic group
41
What are the traits shared between Plants and Chlorophytes/Charophytes?
Cellulose cell walls and chlorophyll a + b
42
What are the traits shared between plants and just charophytes?
-Structure of cellulose-synthesizing proteins -Flagellated sperm -Sporopollenin
43
What is sporopollenin?
a durable polymer that prevents dessication
44
What are derived traits?
traits common in the organism but not the common ancestor
45
What are the derived traits of plants?
-Multicellular, dependent embryos (2N) -Alteration of generations -Sporangia -Apical meristems
46
What are sporangia?
multicellular organs where walled spores are produced
47
What are apical meristems?
stem cells in localized regions of cell division in the tips of plant roots/stems
48
What is the hypothesis of plant evolutionary relationships?
1) Ancestral green algae [470mya] 2) Origin of vascular plants [425mya] 3) Origin of seed plants [360mya]
49
What are the four major plant groups?
Non-vascular, Seedless vascular, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
50
What is antheridia?
The sperm
51
What is archegonia?
The egg
52
What are moss characteristics? (6)
-Always short/carpet-like bc they are too thin and lack vascular tissue to support a tall form -Transport by cell to cell -They have rhizoids instead of roots -Gametophyte dominant -Need water for reproduction -sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
53
What is vascular tissue?
Cell that are joined into long tubes that transport water, nutrients, food, and other materials throughout the plant!
54
What is Xylem?
Vascular cells that transport water and are strengthened by lignin.
55
What is lignin?
an important organic polymer abundant in cell walls
56
What is the "Age of Oxygen?"
It was the first major global cooling of the planet by fixing lots of CO2 due to plants growing tall and thriving
57
Where is most of our coal today from?
the death of giant ferns in anoxic swamps
58
What are seedless vascular plant (fern) characteristics? (5)
-Sporophyte dominant -Well-developed roots/leaves -Vascular tissue = tall ferns (but there is no vascular tissue in the fern gametophyte) -Gametophyte is independent of sporophyte -Water required for reproduction
59
What are gymnosperm characteristics? (3)
-Sporophyte dominant stage -Gametophytes are microscopic and develop within the sporophyte -Heterospory (spores come in two sexes- microsporangia = males, megasporangia)
60
What are seed plant characteristics (includes gymnosperms and angiosperms)? (4)
-seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations to battle living on dry land -do not need water to reproduce -have a longer life span than spores -Already have a present food supply
61
What do all seeds have? (4)
-embryo sporophyte (2N) -tissue from female gametophyte nourishes the embryo -has an outer seed coat for protection -seeds germinate to produce sporophyte
62
What happens in pollen never reaches the female gametophyte?
It will never produce sperm!
63
What is a seed?
an embryo with a food supply that is surrounded by a protective coat
64
What is pollen?
mobile male gametes that are protected by sporopollenin.
65
What is pollination?
the transfer of pollen to the part of the seed plant that contains ovules.
66
What are the reproductive structure of angiosperms?
Flowers
67
What are the mature flower ovaries in angiosperms?
Fruits
68
What are the adaptations of flowers? (2) What purpose do they serve?
bright colors and fragrance- to attract pollinators
69
What are the purposes of a fruit? (2)
Protect and disperse seeds

BIO 122 (7 decks)

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