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BIO 122 > Chapter 26: Colonization of Land > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Colonization of Land Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What supergroup are slime molds in?

A

Unikonta

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2
Q

What subgroup are slime molds in?

A

Amoebazoans

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3
Q

What defines a slime mold?

A

-They are multicellular decomposers
-They are NOT fungi
They have fruiting bodies with spores

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4
Q

What symbol is haploid?

A

(n)

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5
Q

What symbol is diploid?

A

(n2)

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6
Q

What happens to chromosomes in Meiosis when reproducing?

A

They are reduced in half.

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7
Q

What happens to chromosomes in fertilization when reproducing?

A

They double.

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8
Q

What supergroup are Nucleariids in?

A

Unikonta

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9
Q

What subgroup are Nucleariids in?

A

Opisthokonts

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10
Q

What defines a Nucleariid?

A

-They are unicellular.
-They have pseudopodia.
-They live in soil.
-They are sister taxa to fungi

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11
Q

How do plants and fungi benefit from each other?

A

Mutualism through mycorrhizae

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12
Q

What is a mycorrhizae?

A

A specialized hyphae that can exchange nutrients with plant root cells

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13
Q

What nutrients do plants get from fungi?

A

Nitrogen + Phosphorous

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14
Q

What are hyphae?

A

long, thin strands that absorb food

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15
Q

What do fungi get from plants?

A

Glucose (energy)

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16
Q

Do plants grow better with or without mycorrhizae?

A

Better with

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17
Q

Do plants with fungicide grow better?

A

NO!

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18
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

A

Ectomycorrhizae +Endomycorrhizae

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19
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae that moves between cells

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20
Q

What is endomycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae that move inside plant cells

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21
Q

Why is increasing surface area useful?

A

-Nutrient absorption
-Gas exchange
-Metabolism
-Waste elimination

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22
Q

What structural adaptations do we see in nature that increase surface area?

A

-Projections
-Branching
-Flattening
-Folding

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23
Q

What is mycelium?

A

a large underground mat of hyphae

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24
Q

What does a chitin cell wall do for mushrooms?

A

makes them strong/flexible and prevents cells from bursting

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25
Q

How does a branching structure aid mushrooms?

A

It maximizes their surface area to volume ratio

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26
Q

What kind of enzymes do mushrooms secrete?

A

Hydrolytic

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27
Q

What do different enzymes produced by fungi do?

A

breaks down the compounds in living and dead tissue

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28
Q

What roles do fungi have in their ecological community?

A

Decomposers- chemical cycling
Mutualism- mycorrhizae, endophytes, lichens
Parasitism- causes diseases

29
Q

What is lichen?

A

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism (algae and cyanobacteria)

30
Q

What are some parasitic interactions between fungi and animals?

A

-White-nose syndrome
-Cordyceps pp
-Ringworm
-Chytridomycosis
-Foot fungus

31
Q

What are parasitic interactions between fungi and plants?

A

-Chestnut blight
-Potato blight
-powdery mildew
-Root rot

32
Q

Are there more parasitic interactions of fungi with plants or animals?

A

Plants!

33
Q

What supergroup are plants in?

A

Archaeplastida

34
Q

Are plants more closely related to fungi or green alage?

A

Green algae

35
Q

What is the sister taxa to plants?

A

Charophytes

36
Q

What are the traits common to ALL plants?

A

-Multicellular
-Photoautotrophs
-Eukaryotic
-Cellulose cell walls
-chlorophyll a and b
-Sporopollenin

37
Q

Which traits common to all plants are also common in volvox?

A

-Multicellular
-Photoautotrophs
-Eukaryotic

38
Q

Which traits common to all plants are also common in green algae?

A

-Cellulose cell walls
-Chlorophyll a and b
-Sporopollenin

39
Q

Which groups make up a monophyletic group?

A

Plants and both groups of green algae

40
Q

Are green algae a monophyletic group on their own?

A

No - they are a paraphyletic group

41
Q

What are the traits shared between Plants and Chlorophytes/Charophytes?

A

Cellulose cell walls and chlorophyll a + b

42
Q

What are the traits shared between plants and just charophytes?

A

-Structure of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
-Flagellated sperm
-Sporopollenin

43
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

a durable polymer that prevents dessication

44
Q

What are derived traits?

A

traits common in the organism but not the common ancestor

45
Q

What are the derived traits of plants?

A

-Multicellular, dependent embryos (2N)
-Alteration of generations
-Sporangia
-Apical meristems

46
Q

What are sporangia?

A

multicellular organs where walled spores are produced

47
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

stem cells in localized regions of cell division in the tips of plant roots/stems

48
Q

What is the hypothesis of plant evolutionary relationships?

A

1) Ancestral green algae [470mya]
2) Origin of vascular plants [425mya]
3) Origin of seed plants [360mya]

49
Q

What are the four major plant groups?

A

Non-vascular, Seedless vascular, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

50
Q

What is antheridia?

A

The sperm

51
Q

What is archegonia?

A

The egg

52
Q

What are moss characteristics? (6)

A

-Always short/carpet-like bc they are too thin and lack vascular tissue to support a tall form
-Transport by cell to cell
-They have rhizoids instead of roots
-Gametophyte dominant
-Need water for reproduction
-sporophyte dependent on gametophyte

53
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

Cell that are joined into long tubes that transport water, nutrients, food, and other materials throughout the plant!

54
Q

What is Xylem?

A

Vascular cells that transport water and are strengthened by lignin.

55
Q

What is lignin?

A

an important organic polymer abundant in cell walls

56
Q

What is the “Age of Oxygen?”

A

It was the first major global cooling of the planet by fixing lots of CO2 due to plants growing tall and thriving

57
Q

Where is most of our coal today from?

A

the death of giant ferns in anoxic swamps

58
Q

What are seedless vascular plant (fern) characteristics? (5)

A

-Sporophyte dominant
-Well-developed roots/leaves
-Vascular tissue = tall ferns (but there is no vascular tissue in the fern gametophyte)
-Gametophyte is independent of sporophyte
-Water required for reproduction

59
Q

What are gymnosperm characteristics? (3)

A

-Sporophyte dominant stage
-Gametophytes are microscopic and develop within the sporophyte
-Heterospory (spores come in two sexes- microsporangia = males, megasporangia)

60
Q

What are seed plant characteristics (includes gymnosperms and angiosperms)? (4)

A

-seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations to battle living on dry land
-do not need water to reproduce
-have a longer life span than spores
-Already have a present food supply

61
Q

What do all seeds have? (4)

A

-embryo sporophyte (2N)
-tissue from female gametophyte nourishes the embryo
-has an outer seed coat for protection
-seeds germinate to produce sporophyte

62
Q

What happens in pollen never reaches the female gametophyte?

A

It will never produce sperm!

63
Q

What is a seed?

A

an embryo with a food supply that is surrounded by a protective coat

64
Q

What is pollen?

A

mobile male gametes that are protected by sporopollenin.

65
Q

What is pollination?

A

the transfer of pollen to the part of the seed plant that contains ovules.

66
Q

What are the reproductive structure of angiosperms?

A

Flowers

67
Q

What are the mature flower ovaries in angiosperms?

A

Fruits

68
Q

What are the adaptations of flowers? (2) What purpose do they serve?

A

bright colors and fragrance- to attract pollinators

69
Q

What are the purposes of a fruit? (2)

A

Protect and disperse seeds

BIO 122 (7 decks)

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