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BIO 122 > Chapter 24: Early Life/Diversification of Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Early Life/Diversification of Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

Eukaryotes, Archaea, + Bacteria

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2
Q

What domains are prokaryotes in?

A

Bacteria + Archaea

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

a single-celled organism in the domains Bacteria + Archaea

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4
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

an area in which genetic materials are assembled/loosely organized/have no membrane

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5
Q

What are the prokaryote shapes?

A

Spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), + spiral (Spirilla)

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6
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

maintain shape and protect

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7
Q

What is the function of the capsule?

A

enables prokaryotes to adhere to substrates or other prokaryotes

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8
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

acts as a selective barrier

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9
Q

What is the function of a fimbriae?

A

enables prokaryotes to adhere to substrates or other prokaryotes

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10
Q

What is the function of the pilus?

A

appendages that pull 2 cells together before DNA transfer

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11
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

enables taxis (mobility)

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

contains RNA

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13
Q

What are cell walls in prokaryotes (Domain Bacteria) made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What is gram-positive bacteria?

A

bacteria that stains a darker color due to its thick peptidoglycan cell wall

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15
Q

What is gram-negative bacteria?

A

bacteria that has a thinner peptidoglycan cell wall - makes its more resistant to drugs

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16
Q

What are plasmids?

A

smalls rings of independently replicating DNA, located in the nucleoid

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17
Q

What is the internal organization of prokaryotes?

A

-Lack complex compartments
-Some have specialized membranes
-The membrane = plasma infoldings

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18
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

organisms that obtain energy from light

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19
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

organisms that obtain energy from chemicals

20
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

Prokaryotes that love extreme environments

21
Q

What is a thermophile?

A

prokaryotes that can live in very hot environments

22
Q

What is an acidophile?

A

prokaryotes that can live in very acidic environments

23
Q

What is a halophile?

A

prokaryotes that can live in very salty environments

24
Q

What is a psychcrophile?

A

prokaryotes that can live in very cold environments

25
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

a surface coating colony of 1 or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation (slime on a lake, grime on teeth)

26
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

use oxygen for cellular respiration

27
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

fermentation/use of molecules that are not oxygen like NO3. Oxygen is poisonous to them.

28
Q

What is metabolic cooperation?

A

-singles cells that can’t carry out 2 processes at once
-enables access to additional resources
-occurs in biofilms

29
Q

What are nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria?

A

photosynthetic cells that make sugar

30
Q

What are heterocysts?

31
Q

What process do prokaryotes use to reproduce?

A

binary fission

32
Q

What prevents reproduction in prokaryotes?

A

-depleted nutrients + metabolic wastes
-competition
-predators

33
Q

What is mutualism?

A

a relationship where both species benefit

34
Q

What is commensalism?

A

a relationship where one species benefits while the other is not benefited nor harmed

35
Q

What is parasitism?

A

a relationship where one species benefits while the other is harmed

36
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

when two species live in close contact

37
Q

What is bioremediation

A

a process using living organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, and water

38
Q

How do prokaryotes have a high level of genetic diversity?

A

rapid reproduction, mutations, and genetic recombination

39
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

the combining of DNA from 2 sources

40
Q

What horizontal gene transfer?

A

the movement of genes from one organism to another

41
Q

What are the three mechanisms in horizontal gene transfer?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
42
Q

What is transformation?

A

the uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings

43
Q

What is transduction?

A

bacteriophages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

44
Q

What is conjugation?

A

The DNA transfer between 2 prokaryotes

45
Q

What are proteobacteria?

A

-Aerobes/anaerobes
-gram-negative
-has five sub-groups (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon)

46
Q

What are sister bacteria?

A

chlamydia, spriochetes, cyanobacteria, gram-positive

47
Q

What are the four stages of early life on earth?

A
  1. The abiotic synthesis of small/organic molecules
  2. The abiotic joining of small organic molecules into macromolecules
  3. The packaging of these molecules to protocells
  4. The origin of self-replication molecules

BIO 122 (7 decks)

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