Chapter 26, 7-10 Flashcards
EARTHQUAKE: WHAT TO DO
- IF INDOORS IF INDOORS
** TAKE COVER OR CROUCH NEXT TO A LARGE, STURDY OBJECT OR AGAINST A WALL.TAKE COVER OR CROUCH NEXT TO A LARGE, STURDY OBJECT OR AGAINST A WALL.
** AVOID WINDOWS AND OUTSIDE DOORS.AVOID WINDOWS AND OUTSIDE DOORS.
** CROUCH, AND COVER FACE.CROUCH, AND COVER FACE.
** STAY INDOORS UNTIL SHAKING STOPS.STAY INDOORS UNTIL SHAKING STOPS.
** BEWARE OF AFTERSHOCKS.BEWARE OF AFTERSHOCKS.
** IF IN BED, STAY THERE.IF IN BED, STAY THERE.
** IF IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING, USE STAIRS.IF IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING, USE STAIRS.
** IF OUTDOORS, LIE IN A SPOT CLEAR OF BUILDINGS, TREES, POWER LINES.IF OUTDOORS, LIE IN A SPOT CLEAR OF BUILDINGS, TREES, POWER LINES.
** IF IN A VEHICLE, PULL OVER AND STAY THERE WITH YOUR SEAT BELT FASTENED.IF IN A VEHICLE, PULL OVER AND STAY THERE WITH YOUR SEAT BELT FASTENED.
** IF YOU ARE TRAPPED IN DEBRIS, DO NOT PANIC.IF YOU ARE TRAPPED IN DEBRIS, DO NOT PANIC.
** COVER MOUTH AND NOSE WITH CLOTH.COVER MOUTH AND NOSE WITH CLOTH.
** TAP ON WALL OR PIPE.TAP ON WALL OR PIPE.
** LEARN TO TURN OFF YOUR GAS SUPPLY.LEARN TO TURN OFF YOUR GAS SUPPLY.
FLOOD
COMMON NATURAL DISASTERCOMMON NATURAL DISASTER
** RAINS CAN CAUSE RUN-OFFRAINS CAN CAUSE RUN-OFF
** CAN OCCUR EVEN WHEN WATERCAN OCCUR EVEN WHEN WATER
SOURCE IS MILES AWAY
WHAT TO DOWHAT TO DO
** MOVE TO HIGHER GROUND.MOVE TO HIGHER GROUND.
** CHECK RADIO, TELEVISION, ANDCHECK RADIO, TELEVISION, AND
SOCIAL MEDIA.SOCIAL MEDIA.
** IF FLOOD WATCH IS ISSUED, PREPAREIF FLOOD WATCH IS ISSUED, PREPARE
TO EVACUATE.TO EVACUATE.
** DO NOT WALK THROUGH MOVINGDO NOT WALK THROUGH MOVING
WATER.WATER.
** DO NOT DRIVE INTO FLOODED AREAS.DO NOT DRIVE INTO FLOODED AREAS.
** IF FLOOD WATER RISES, ABANDONIF FLOOD WATER RISES, ABANDON
CAR.CA
HEAT WAVE
WHAT TO DO
** STAY IN THE COOLEST LOCATION.STAY IN THE COOLEST LOCATION.
** DRINK PLENTY OF WATER; AVOID ALCOHOL.DRINK PLENTY OF WATER; AVOID ALCOHOL.
** NEVER LEAVE CHILDREN OR PETS INNEVER LEAVE CHILDREN OR PETS IN
VEHICLES.VEHICLES.
** DRESS IN LOOSE-FITTING CLOTHES.DRESS IN LOOSE-FITTING CLOTHES.
** PROTECT YOUR FACE AND HEAD FROM SUN.PROTECT YOUR FACE AND HEAD FROM SUN.
** AVOID TOO MUCH SUNSHINE.AVOID TOO MUCH SUNSHINE.
** AVOID STRENUOUS WORK DURING THEAVOID STRENUOUS WORK DURING THE
HOTTEST PART OF THE DAY.HOTTEST PART OF THE DAY.
** SPEND AT LEAST 2 HOURS IN AIR-SPEND AT LEAST 2 HOURS IN AIR-
CONDITIONING.CONDITIONING.
** CHECK ON FAMILY AND FRIENDS.CHECK ON FAMILY AND FRIENDS.
HURRICANE: WHAT TO DO
CHECK FOR HURRICANE WATCH.CHECK FOR HURRICANE WATCH.
** SECURE YOUR HOME.SECURE YOUR HOME.
** IF NOT EVACUATING, PREPARE FORIF NOT EVACUATING, PREPARE FOR
THE WORST.THE WORST.
** IF EVACUATING:IF EVACUATING:
** PREPARE BACKPACKS WITH DISASTERPREPARE BACKPACKS WITH DISASTER
SUPPLIES.SUPPLIES.
** FUEL YOUR VEHICLE; REVIEWFUEL YOUR VEHICLE; REVIEW
EVACUATION ROUTES.EVACUATION ROUTES.
** EVACUATE EARLY IF:EVACUATE EARLY IF:
** AUTHORITIES ANNOUNCE EVACUATION.AUTHORITIES ANNOUNCE EVACUATION.
** YOU LIVE IN MOBILE HOME OR HIGH-YOU LIVE IN MOBILE HOME OR HIGH-
RISE.RISE.
** YOU LIVE NEAR WATER.YOU LIVE NEAR WATER.
** YOU THINK YOU ARE IN DANGER.YOU THINK YOU ARE IN DANGER.
** IF LOCAL AUTHORITIES ORDERIF LOCAL AUTHORITIES ORDER
AN EVACUATIONAN EVACUATION
** LEAVE IMMEDIATELY.LEAVE IMMEDIATELY.
** FOLLOW EVACUATION ROUTES.FOLLOW EVACUATION ROUTES.
** IF NOT EVACUATING, PROTECTIF NOT EVACUATING, PROTECT
FROM STRONG WIND.FROM STRONG WIND.
** AVOID USING PHONE.AVOID USING PHONE.
LANDSLIDES
WHAT TO DO
** STAY ALERT.STAY ALERT.
** CONSIDER EVACUATING.CONSIDER EVACUATING.
** LISTEN FOR UNUSUAL SOUNDS.LISTEN FOR UNUSUAL SOUNDS.
** WATCH FOR CHANGES IN WATERWATCH FOR CHANGES IN WATER
FLOW.FLOW.
** BE ALERT WHEN DRIVING.BE ALERT WHEN DRIVING.
** IF AT HOME, MOVE TO SECONDIF AT HOME, MOVE TO SECOND
LEVEL.LEVEL.
TORNADO
WHAT TO DO
** GO TO WINDOWLESS INTERIOR ORGO TO WINDOWLESS INTERIOR OR
BELOW-GROUND ROOM.BELOW-GROUND ROOM.
** GET UNDER STURDY FURNITURE.GET UNDER STURDY FURNITURE.
** IF OUTDOORS, GET INDOORS OR LIEIF OUTDOORS, GET INDOORS OR LIE
IN A DITCH.IN A DITCH.
** IF AT WORK, GO TO DESIGNATEDIF AT WORK, GO TO DESIGNATED
SHELTER.SHELTER.
** IF YOU ARE IN A VEHICLE, GET OUTIF YOU ARE IN A VEHICLE, GET OUT
AND TAKE SHELTER IN A NEARBYAND TAKE SHELTER IN A NEARBY
BUILDING.BUILDING.
TSUNAMI
WHAT TO DO
** LISTEN FOR EMERGENCYLISTEN FOR EMERGENCY
INFORMATION.INFORMATION.
** STAY AWAY UNTIL TOLD IT IS SAFE TOSTAY AWAY UNTIL TOLD IT IS SAFE TO
RETURN.RETURN.
** DO NOT GO TO THE SHORELINE.DO NOT GO TO THE SHORELINE.
** DO NOT ASSUME TSUNAMI IS OVERDO NOT ASSUME TSUNAMI IS OVER
AFTER FIRST WAVE.AFTER FIRST WAVE.
VOLCANO ERUPTION
- FOLLOW EVACUATION ORDERS.FOLLOW EVACUATION ORDERS.
** IF INDOORS, CLOSE ALL WINDOWS AND DOORS.IF INDOORS, CLOSE ALL WINDOWS AND DOORS.
** IF OUTDOORS, SEEK SHELTER.IF OUTDOORS, SEEK SHELTER.
** PROTECT YOURSELF.PROTECT YOURSELF.
** STAY OUT OF VOLCANO AREA.STAY OUT OF VOLCANO AREA
WILDFIRE
WHAT TO DO
** LISTEN FOR EMERGENCYLISTEN FOR EMERGENCY
INFORMATION.INFORMATION.
** FOLLOW EVACUATION ORDERS.FOLLOW EVACUATION ORDERS.
** CHOOSE A ROUTE AWAY FROM FIRE.CHOOSE A ROUTE AWAY FROM FIRE.
** WATCH FOR DIRECTION OF FIRE.WATCH FOR DIRECTION OF FIRE.
** DO NOT BLOCK FIREFIGHTINGDO NOT BLOCK FIREFIGHTING
ENTRANCE ROUTES.ENTRANCE ROUTES
WINTER STORM
WHAT TO DO
** LISTEN FOR EMERGENCY INFORMATION.LISTEN FOR EMERGENCY INFORMATION.
** CONSERVE FUEL.CONSERVE FUEL.
** EAT AND DRINK REGULARLY.EAT AND DRINK REGULARLY.
** NEVER USE OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCES INDOORS.NEVER USE OUTSIDE HEAT SOURCES INDOORS.
** IF OUTDOORS:IF OUTDOORS:
** DRESS WARMLY IN LAYERS.DRESS WARMLY IN LAYERS.
** AVOID OVEREXERTION.AVOID OVEREXERTION.
** BE AWARE OF SIGNS OF FROSTBITE OR HYPOTHERMIA.BE AWARE OF SIGNS OF FROSTBITE OR HYPOTHERMIA.
** CHANGE OUT OF WET CLOTHING.CHANGE OUT OF WET CLOTHING.
** IF TRAPPED IN A VEHICLE:IF TRAPPED IN A VEHICLE:
** PULL OVER, TURN ON HAZARDS, STAY IN VEHICLE.PULL OVER, TURN ON HAZARDS, STAY IN VEHICLE.
** RUN THE ENGINE AND HEATER 10 MINUTES PER HOUR TO KEEP WARM.RUN THE ENGINE AND HEATER 10 MINUTES PER HOUR TO KEEP WARM.
** EXERCISE.EXERCISE.
** TAKE TURNS SLEEPING.TAKE TURNS SLEEPING.
** AVOID DEHYDRATION.AVOID DEHYDRATION.
** CONSERVE BATTERY POWER.CONSERVE BATTERY POWER
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
CALL 9-1-1.
** STAY AWAY FROM THE INCIDENT SITE.STAY AWAY FROM THE INCIDENT SITE.
** STAY UPSTREAM, UPHILL, AND UPWIND.STAY UPSTREAM, UPHILL, AND UPWIND.
** IF IN A VEHICLE, GO INSIDE OR CLOSEIF IN A VEHICLE, GO INSIDE OR CLOSE
WINDOWS AND VENTS.WINDOWS AND VENTS.
** FOLLOW EVACUATION INSTRUCTIONS.FOLLOW EVACUATION INSTRUCTIONS.
** IF REQUESTED TO STAY INDOORSIF REQUESTED TO STAY INDOORS
** CLOSE DOORS AND WINDOWS.CLOSE DOORS AND WINDOWS.
** SHUT OFF AIR-CONDITIONING AND VENTS.SHUT OFF AIR-CONDITIONING AND VENTS.
** SEAL YOURSELF IN ABOVE-GROUND ROOM.SEAL YOURSELF IN ABOVE-GROUND ROOM.
** LISTEN TO EMERGENCY BROADCASTS.LISTEN TO EMERGENCY BROADCASTS.
** WHEN DANGER HAS PASSED, FLUSH OUTWHEN DANGER HAS PASSED, FLUSH OUT
AIR.AIR.
NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGIC ATTACK
NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS CAUSE
BLINDING LIGHT, INTENSE HEAT,BLINDING LIGHT, INTENSE HEAT,
RADIATION, AND FIRES.RADIATION, AND FIRES.
** A RADIOLOGIC DISPERSION DEVICEA RADIOLOGIC DISPERSION DEVICE
(DIRTY BOMB) IS DESIGNED TO(DIRTY BOMB) IS DESIGNED TO
SCATTER SUBLETHAL RADIATION.SCATTER SUBLETHAL RADIATION.
** AVOID LOOKING AT THE FLASH ORAVOID LOOKING AT THE FLASH OR
FIREBALL.FIREBALL.
** TAKE COVER AS SOON AS WARNED.TAKE COVER AS SOON AS WARNED.
** IF OUTSIDE, LIE ON GROUND ANDIF OUTSIDE, LIE ON GROUND AND
COVER HEAD.COVER HEAD.
** BEWARE OF BLAST WAVES.BEWARE OF BLAST WAVES.
** PROTECT FROM FALLOUT.PROTECT FROM FALLOUT.
** KEEP A BATTERY-POWERED RADIOKEEP A BATTERY-POWERED RADIO
WITH YOU.WITH YOU
Shock occurs when the body tissues do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood
■ Shock (hypoperfusion) describes a state of collapse and failure of the
cardiovascular system in which blood circulation decreases and eventually
ceases
DAMAGE CAUSED BY SHOCK
Without oxygen…
■ Brain will be damaged
– 4-6 minutes
■ Abdominal organs will be damaged
– 45-90 minutes
■ Skin and muscle will be damaged
– 3-6 hours
PERFUSION TRIANGLE
Shock occurs when one or more
sides of the triangle isn’t working
properly
■ Damage to any of the circulatory
components can lead to shock
CAUSES OF SHOCK:
CARDIOVASCULAR
- Pump failure
– Cardiogenic shock - Blood or fluid loss from blood
vessels
– Hypovolemic shock/hemorrhagic
shock (can be from injury or burns) - Poor vessel function
– Neurogenic shock (often from spinal
cord injuries) - Combined vessel and content
failure
– Septic shock (usually from severe
bacterial infections
CAUSES OF SHOCK:
NON-CARDIOVASCULAR
Respiratory insufficiency
– Chest injury or airway obstruction
■ Anaphylactic shock
– Medications; food; insect bites
■ Psychogenic shock
– Fainting/syncope
PROGRESSION OF SHOCK
Stages of shock:
1. Compensated shock- when the
body can still compensate for blood
loss
2. Decompensated shock- when blood
pressure is falling
3. Irreversible shock- when shock is
terminal
SHOCK: WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR
Altered mental status
■ Pale, cold, and clammy skin
■ Pale or cyanotic lips and/or nail beds
■ Nausea/vomiting
■ Rapid breathing and heart rate
■ Unresponsiveness when shock is severe
SHOCK: WHAT TO DO
Treat injuries
■ If responsive and breathing
normally, keep the person flat on
his or her back
■ If no sign of injury, raise the feet
6–12 inches
■ If unresponsive, roll the person
onto his or her side
■ Prevent the loss of body heat
■ Call 9-1-1
■ Do not give anything to eat or
drink
ANAPHYLAXIS
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
■ Shortness of breath
■ Swelling of tongue, mouth, nose
■ Intense itching
■ Flushed skin or swollen face
■ Sneezing, coughing, wheezing
■ Tightness and swelling in the throat
■ Tightness in the chest
■ Shortness of breath
■ Swelling of tongue, mouth, nose
■ Intense itching
■ Flushed skin or swollen face
■ Sneezing, coughing, wheezing
■ Tightness and swelling in the throat
■ Tightness in the chest
WHAT TO DO
■ Call 9-1-1
■ Monitor breathing
■ If the person has an epinephrine auto-injector, help
administer it
■ If the person can swallow, give an antihistamine
USING AN EPINEPHRINE AUTO-
INJECTOR
Find the injection site on the outer
midthigh
■ Remove the safety cap
■ Push against the outer midthigh
■ Hold in place for 10 seconds
■ Pull the auto-injector straight out
from the leg
■ Rub the area for 10 seconds
MILD ALLERGIC REACTION
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
■ Red, itchy eyes
■ Itchy, sneezing, runny nose
■ Rash on skin, usually on one part
of the body
WHAT TO DO
■ Help the person:
− Self-administer his or her asthma
“rescue” inhaler
− Take an antihistamine
FAINTING: WHAT TO DO
If a person suddenly collapses:
− Check breathing
− If breathing stops, call 9-1-1 and give CPR
− If person is breathing:
■ Keep the person flat on his or her back
■ Monitor breathing; if it stops, give CPR
■ Check and treat any injuries
■ Wipe the person’s forehead with a cool, wet
cloth
■ If a person is about to faint:
− Prevent a hard fall
■ If you feel faint:
− Lie down or sit down
− Do not place your head between your
knees
INTRODUCTION TO BLEEDING
Average-size adult has 5 to 6 quarts
(5 to 6 L) of blood.
− Rapid blood loss can lead to shock and death.
External bleeding is… blood coming from an open wound
Hemorrhage is…the loss of a large quantity of blood in a short amount of time
TYPES OF EXTERNAL BLEEDING
Arterial (spurting)
Most serious type of bleeding
Bright red color
2. Venous (flowing)
1. Dark red
3. Capillary (oozing)
Most common type of bleeding
BODY’S RESPONSE TO BLEEDING
Blood vessel spasm
Severed blood vessels draw back into the tissue and constrict, slowing bleeding
If an artery is only partially cut, constriction is incomplete, and the loss of blood may
not slow dramatically
Clotting
Special elements in blood called platelets form a clot
Serves as a protective covering for a wound until the tissues underneath can repair
themselves
Healthy people usually clot within 10 minutes.
Clotting may take longer for those who have a great deal of blood loss, are taking aspirin,
are anemic, have hemophilia or severe liver disease.
CARE FOR EXTERNAL BLEEDING
Wear gloves; If no gloves, improvise with
other materials
2. Expose wound to find source of bleeding
3. Place sterile gauze pad or clean cloth over
wound
4. Apply pressure; Hold direct pressure for at
least 5 minutes
5. If the bleeding does not stop within 10
minutes:
Add dressings and press harder over a wider
area
6. Apply a pressure bandage over the dressing
7. If the bleeding continues, call 9-1-1.
Consider using a tourniquet if severe
bleeding from an arm or leg cannot be
stopped.
8. Dispose of gloves and wash your hands.
BLEEDING IS CONTROLLED: WHAT
TO DO
Care for the wound
If needed, seek medical care for:
Cleaning
Stitches
Tetanus immunization
BLEEDING CONTINUES
Apply a manufactured tourniquet
If a manufactured tourniquet is not
available, apply an improvised
tourniquet
DO NOT cover, release, or remove
Write “TQ” and the time it was
applied on a piece of tape, and
apply it to the forehead
Call 9-1-1, or drive the person to a
medical facility
BLEEDING STILL
CONTINUES
Apply a hemostatic dressing if:
Direct pressure is not effective
A tourniquet is not available, is
ineffective, or cannot be applied
APPLYING A
MANUFACTURED TORNIQUET
- Apply the tourniquet about 2 inches
above the wound - Twist the rod until the bleeding
stops
Secure the rod in place - Write “TQ” (for tourniquet) and the
time it was applied on a piece of
tape, and stick it on the person’s
forehead
