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TRAUMA EMT > CHAPTER 25 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

This is when blood escapes from the cardiovascular system or when it cannot be efficiently pumped to tissues the cells become insufficiently oxygenated and this is called?

A

hypoperfusion or shock

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2
Q

the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the body cells and tissues as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

A

perfusion

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3
Q

the bodys inability to adequately circulate blood to the bodys cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients

A

hypoperfusion

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4
Q

the bodys inability to adequately circulate blood to the bodys cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients which is a life threatening condition

A

shock

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5
Q

the ______ system is responsible for the distribution of blood to all parts of the body

A

circulatory ( cardiovascular )

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6
Q

the cardiovascular system has 3 components

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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7
Q

the hearts job is to pump blood which supplies _____ and ______ to the bodys cells

A

oxygen and nutrients

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8
Q

blood is circulated through the body through 3 major blood vessels such as

A

1.) arteries 2.) veins 3.) capillaries

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9
Q

these carry oxygenated blood sometimes deoxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

A

arteries

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10
Q

these have thick muscular walls that enable it to dilate or constrict depending on the oxygen and nutrients need by the cells

A

arteries

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11
Q

oxygen rich blood is emptied from the arteries into here_____ which supply every cell of the body

A

capillaries

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12
Q

these are one way valves that carry blood to the heart

A

veins

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13
Q

blood in a vein is under _____ pressure than in a artery

A

less

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14
Q

blood thats been depleted of oxygen and loaded with carbon dioxide and other wastes are emptied into here?

A

veins

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15
Q

the blood has several functions:

A

1.) transportation of gases 2.) nutrition 3.) excretion 4.) regulation 5.) protection

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16
Q

______ or ( expansion) of the blood vessels increases blood flow to the skin which increases heat loss from the skin surface

A

dilation

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17
Q

______ or narrowing of blood vessels decreases blood flow to the skin which decreases heat loss so core temp can be preserved

A

constriction

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18
Q

bleeding especially severe bleeding is called?

A

hemorrhage

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19
Q

____ is the main cause of shock in trauma

A

severe bleeding or hemorrhage

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20
Q

______ is caused when a force penetrates the skin or lacerations destroy underlying blood vessels

A

external bleeding

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21
Q

bleeding from an artery which is characterized by bright red blood that is rapid, profuse, and difficult to control

A

arterial bleeding

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22
Q

bleeding from a vein that is dark red or maroon blood and a steady easy to control flow

A

venous bleeding

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23
Q

______ hemorrhage occurs when extensive wounds open up large blood vessels or many smaller blood vessels

A

massive

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24
Q

blood coming from the heart is generally well _____

A

oxygenated

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25
Q

bleeding from an artery can be seen ____ with each beat of the heart

A

spurting

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26
Q

wounds to large veins such as the _____ veins can also cause massive bleeding

A

jugular

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27
Q

_______ hemorrhage occurs where the appendages of the body connect to the trunk

A

junctional

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28
Q

this is a sign of spurting blood, pulsating flow and bright red blood

A

arteries

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29
Q

this is a sign of steady slow flow, dark red blood

A

veins

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30
Q

these flow evenly and slow

A

capillaries

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31
Q

bleeding from capillaries which is characterized by a slow oozing flow of blood

A

capillary bleeding

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32
Q

medications such as aspirin, warfarin, xarelto, pradaxa can prevent _____

A

clotting

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33
Q

reduced body temperature such as ______ can prevent the ability to clot

A

hypothermia

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34
Q

a _____ hemorrhage can be compressible for the most part that is can be controlled by pressing the tissue around the wound or the vessel that is bleeding

A

external

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35
Q

when caring for an external hemorrhage you should wear what 3 things

A

1.) a gown 2.) eye protection 3.) a mask

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36
Q

anytime someone has blood loss you should treat for ____

A

shock

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37
Q

signs of shock are?

A

1.) altered mental status 2.) pale, cool, clammy skin 3.) nausea and vomiting 4.) vital signs change

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38
Q

altered mental status occurs in shock because the ____ isn’t getting enough oxygen

A

brain

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39
Q

pale, cool and clammy skin is a result of low _____ so in this case the body gets blood from nonvital organs to take to the rest of the body

A

blood volume

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40
Q

in ______ and _______ shock the skin is typically warm, flushed, and dry because the circulatory system has lost the ability to constrict blood vessels in the skin

A

anaphylactic and neurogenic

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41
Q

in the bodys continuing effort to keep blood perfusing the vital organs blood is diverted from the _____ system causing nausea

A

digestive

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42
Q

in shock the pulse will _____ and become weak and thready

A

increase

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43
Q

respirations will____ in shock they will also become more shallow and labored as shock progresses

A

increase

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44
Q

the blood pressure will _____ in a serious life threatening stage of shock

A

decreases or drop

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45
Q

the systolic and diastolic pressures will ___ meaning they will be closer together

A

decrease

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46
Q

late signs of shock include?

A

thirst, dilated pupils, cyanosis

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47
Q

one of the most important elements in the prevention of shock is to control _____ bleeding

A

external

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48
Q

the major methods of controlling external bleeding are:

A

1.) direct pressure 2.) elevation of a limb 3.) hemostatic agent 4.) tourniquet 5.) splinting 6.) cold application

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49
Q

for a patient with signs of shock control the bleeding and consider providing _____

A

oxygen

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50
Q

the first step in controlling bleeding is ____ this compresses the tissue around the wound and diverts blood flow from the affected blood vessels

A

direct pressure

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51
Q

______ dressing may be used to stop bleeding if pressure alone doesn’t work

A

hemostatic

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52
Q

if pressure and hemostatic dressings do not stop the bleeding apply and tighten a ______ until the bleeding stops

A

tourniquet

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53
Q

do not removing a dressing on a wound because you might remove _____ that have formed

A

clots

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54
Q

a bulky dressing held in position with a tightly wrapped bandage which applies pressure to help control bleeding

A

pressure dressing

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55
Q

after controlling bleeding from an extremity using a pressure dressing always check for a ____ to make sure that the dressing has not been applied to tightly

A

distal pulse

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56
Q

______ is usually the quickest and most effective method of controlling external bleeding

A

direct pressure

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57
Q

______ of an injury above the level of the heart, gravity helps reduce the blood pressure in the extremity , slowing bleeding

A

elevation

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58
Q

substances applied as powders, dressings, gauze, or bandages to open wounds to stop bleeding

A

hemostatic agents

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59
Q

products designed to enhance direct pressures ability to control bleeding

A

hemostatic agent

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60
Q

a device used for bleeding control that constricts all blood flow to and from an extremity

A

tourniquet

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61
Q

____ is a device that closes off blood flow to and from a extremity

A

tourniquet

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62
Q

if the bleeding is not controlled by direct pressure and the wound is on a extremity then a ____ should be applied

A

tourniquet

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63
Q

if direct pressure is ineffective and the wound is on the trunk or head then a _____ should be applied

A

bandage or hemostatic agent

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64
Q

we ____ to prevent further movement to damaged bones

A

splint

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65
Q

______ splints also called air splints may be used to control internal and external bleeding these splints may also control bleeding even if there are no suspected injury

A

inflatable

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66
Q

____ splints are most effective for venous and capillary bleeding

A

air splints

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67
Q

do not leave ice packs on the skin for no longer than __ mins

A

20

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68
Q

____ packs minimize swelling and reduces the bleeding by constricting blood vessels

A

cold

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69
Q

_____ carry oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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70
Q

the ____ artery carries deoxygenated blood because its going away from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary

71
Q

these have thick muscular walls that enable dilation and constriction

A

arteries

72
Q

these carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart

A

veins

73
Q

these have one way valves that help to keep blood from backing up and going in a different direction

A

veins

74
Q

these are microscopic blood vessels

A

capillaries

75
Q

this is the site of oxygen and gas exchange this is where oxygen picks up carbon dioxide and carry it back to the lungs

A

capillaries

76
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

1.) transportation 2.) excretion 3.) nutrition 4.) protection 5.) regulation

77
Q

blood transports _____ and _____

A

oxygen and nutrients

78
Q

during excretion blood carries away ____ and waste products

A

carbon dioxide

79
Q

during nutrition blood distributes _____

A

nutrients

80
Q

the blood has _____ that fight infection during protection

A

antibodies

81
Q

during regulation _____ and _____ carry blood to keep you warm keeps the blood circulating

A

hormones and electrolytes

82
Q

adequate circulation of blood throughout the body is ____

A

perfusion

83
Q

inadequate circulation of blood to tissues and organs is ______

A

hypoperfusion

84
Q

what is the role of the respiratory system in the circulatory system?

A

it delivers oxygen to the blood to supply the body

85
Q

this type of bleeding oozes?

A

capillary bleed

86
Q

this type of bleeding is slow,even,and can be bright or dark red

A

capillary bleeding

87
Q

this is spurting blood

A

arterial bleed

88
Q

this type of bleeding is a pulsating flow, bright red color because its highly oxygenated

A

arterial bleed

89
Q

this is a steady, slow bleed?

A

venous bleed

90
Q

this type of bleed is dark red because its deoxygenated bleeding

A

venous bleed

91
Q

this kind of bleed requires atlas 5 mins of direct pressure and blood thinners can interrupt clotting

A

arterial bleed

92
Q

this type of bleed requires direct pressure for 1 min unless on blood thinners

A

venous bleed

93
Q

this means your bleeding out or bleeding to death

A

exsanguinating bleeding

94
Q

the standard precautions to take if someones bleeding is ?

A

wear gloves, a gown, eye protection , and a mask

95
Q

when should you apply a tourniquet? at what time

A

after you have applied a hemostatic agent

96
Q

_____ is the single best way to control bleeding

A

direct pressure

97
Q

when applying direct pressure apply pressure with your _____ hand and gauze bandage

A

gloved

98
Q

apply direct pressure until when?

A

the bleeding is controlled

99
Q

true or false: you should NEVER remove a dressing after its saturated and needs more dressings

A

true

100
Q

after the bleeding has been controlled you should do what?

A

check for a distal pulse

101
Q

elevation slows bleeding by ____

A

gravity slows the bleeding

102
Q

this is wrapping several dressings in place with ace bandage or roller bandage wrap tightly over dressings above and below wound

A

pressure dressings

103
Q

this is a type of dressing where you place several dressings over a wound

A

pressure dressing

104
Q

this is dressing containing substances that absorb and trap red blood cells

A

hemostatic agents

105
Q

these dressings can be wadded up and placed into a wound

A

hemostatic agents

106
Q

if bleeding cant be controlled with direct pressure a ____ would be used

A

tourniquet

107
Q

you only use a tourniquet on _____ injuries

A

extremity

108
Q

what are the signs someone is going into shock

A

altered mental status, bp drops, tachycardia increased heart rate, pulse is irregular

109
Q

what would be a commercial tourniquet used in substitution?

A

blood pressure cuff

110
Q

when a ___ is applied never remove or loosen it and make sure you document when it was put on

A

tourniquet

111
Q

attach notation to the patient alerting other providers that a ____ has been applied

A

tourniquet

112
Q

_____ is a good way to stop bleeding because it keeps you from moving and causing bleeding

A

splinting

113
Q

splinting helps to keep you from moving and it also does what ?

A

reduces pain which lowers the bp and calms the patient down

114
Q

this is a type of bleeding control that helps the skin to clot, it causes vasoconstrction which limits bleeding

A

cold application

115
Q

this is a result from blood flowing from your nose or ears?

A

head injury

116
Q

when we have a head injury we will see an increased ______ pressure that may or may not be from direct pressure

A

intracranial

117
Q

during a head injury stopping the bleeding only increases _____ pressure because your brain is still going to swell

A

intracranial

118
Q

a ____ is a nosebleed

A

epistaxis

119
Q

____ can cause a nosebleed

A

high bp

120
Q

_____ is damage to internal organs and large blood vessels it can result in loss of a large quantity of blood in a short time

A

internal bleeding

121
Q

during _____ bleeding blood loss is not usually seen

A

internal

122
Q

an example of a atraumatic bleed that is a medical bleed that can cause an internal bleed is____

A

GI bleeds

123
Q

severe blood loss can result from injury to extremities injury to the _____ can cause internal bleeding

A

femur

124
Q

signs of shock can indicate _____

A

internal bleeding

125
Q

_____ trauma means no external bleeding

A

blunt

126
Q

whats some leading causes of internal bleeding

A

falls, motor vehicle crashes, auto-pedestrian collisions, blast injuries

127
Q

most internal damage will be recognized by looking at the ____

A

MOI

128
Q

a patient cool, pale and sweaty can’t really remember what happened, coming in and out of consciousness bp is 88/40 you would put a ___ on them

A

tourniquet

129
Q

some examples of penetrating traumas would be:

A

gunshot wound, stab wound, impaled objects

130
Q

signs of internal bleeding would be:

A

1.) shock 2.) MOI 3.) injuries to the body surface 4.) bruising, swelling, organs painful when palpating5.) painful, swollen, deformed extremities 6.) bleeding from the mouth, rectum and vagina 7.) tender, rigid or distended abdomen 8.) vomiting coffee ground or bright red material

131
Q

_____ indicates new blood

A

bright red blood

132
Q

children compensate when they are very ill they can maintain a normal bp until half their ____ is lost

A

blood volume

133
Q

when trying to determine a trauma you would use your ____ of the scene

A

MOI

134
Q

what signs will children show if their in shock r going into shock

A

altered mental status, pale, cool, clammy, listless they don’t recall what your saying

135
Q

whats some things to do when treating for shock in a internal bleed

A

keep the patient warm, give oxygen, keep the patient still, lay the patient down

136
Q

_____ is the inability to supply cells with oxygen and nutrients

A

shock

137
Q

this is the inadequate removal of waste products from cells

A

shock

138
Q

this is a type of shock when the heart loses the ability to pump

A

cardiogenic

139
Q

this is a type of shock when the blood vessels dilate making too large a container to fill

A

neurogenic shock

140
Q

this is shock that occurs when you loose too much blood

A

hypovolemic shock

141
Q

in this stage of shock your body is still working?

A

compensated

142
Q

this is when your body senses the decrease in perfusion and attempts to compensate for it

A

compensated shock

143
Q

during early signs of shock what does your vital signs do?

A

HR increases, RESP RATE. increases, BLOOD PRESSURE increases, you become cool, pale, sweaty and you have a NORMAL mental status

144
Q

this is a shock when your body isn’t working any more

A

decompensated

145
Q

this is when the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or lack of perfusion

A

decompensated shock

146
Q

during decompensated shock late shock what does your vital signs do?

A

you have an ALTERED MENTAL STATUS, BP decreases, HR decreases, RESP RATE. decreases

147
Q

this is what type of shock? loss of circulating blood volume

A

hypovolemic shock

148
Q

this type of shock is called hemorrhagic shock if its caused by uncontrolled bleeding internal and external

A

hypovolemic shock

149
Q

this type of shock is caused by burns and crush injuries

A

hypovolemic shock

150
Q

this type of shock is seen in patients suffering myocardial infarction ( heart attack )

A

cardiogenic shock

151
Q

in this shock you have inadequate perfusion to heart which decreases contractions

A

cardiogenic shock

152
Q

malfunction of the hearts electrical system causing the heartbeat to be slow, too fast or irregular is what type of shock?

A

cardiogenic shock

153
Q

this type of shock is the inability to control dilation of blood vessels because of nerve paralysis

A

neurogenic

154
Q

is this type of shock you have no blood loos but vessels dilate so much blood volume can’t fill them

A

neurogenic

155
Q

anaphylactic and septic shock are examples of this type of shock

A

neurogenic shock

156
Q

signs of shock are

A

altered mental status, pale, cool, clammy, nausea and vomiting, vital signs change

157
Q

treatment for shock:

A

aggressive airway maintenance, give oxygen, attempt to stop cause of shock, splint bone or joint injuries, prevent heat loss, deliver patient to appropriate hospital, calm patient down

158
Q

how should you care for an amputated hand?

A

wrap in a dry dressing

159
Q

almost all external bleeding can be controlled by _____ and _____

A

elevation and direct pressure

160
Q

any time someone is bleeding treat for ______

A

shock

161
Q

early signs of shock are:

A

restlessness, anxiety, pale skin, rapid pulse, rapid respirations, tachycardia

162
Q

signs and symptoms of shock may not be evident early treatment is based on____

A

MOI

163
Q

_____ develops if the heart fails, blood volume is lost, or blind vessels dilate

A

shock

164
Q

this is a reflecting of the body trying to compensate for inadequate perfusion

A

shock

165
Q

the most significant treatment for __patients is early recognition, treat them before you see it

A

shock

166
Q

never push _____ into an internal wound such as a penetrating trauma to the abdomen or chest

A

dressings

167
Q

obvious bleeding and soaking through the dressings is signs that your direct pressure isn’t working working and you should apply a ____

A

tourniquet

168
Q

do not apply a tourniquet directly over a ___ place it 2 inches above the wound

A

joint

169
Q

never apply _____ directly to the skin this can cause frostbite and further tissue damage, wrap the ice pack in a cloth before applying to the skin, never leave on longer than 20 mins at a time

A

ice or cold packs

170
Q

when pressure receptors in the aorta and carotid artery sense decrease flow they stimulate the release of epinephrine and _____ into the bloodstream

A

norepinephrine

171
Q

when an infection spreads through the body via the bloodstream ___ or blood poisoning is present

A

sepsis

172
Q

the goal for on scene time when caring for a trauma or shock patient is ___ mins

A

10

173
Q

_____ is an impaired ability to clot

A

coagulopathy

TRAUMA EMT (7 decks)

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