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Human Physiology in Health and Disease > Chapter 24.1-24.6 > Flashcards

Chapter 24.1-24.6 Flashcards

1
Q

list the major digestive organs

A

oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus

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2
Q

list the accesory digestive organs

A

salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

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3
Q

name the 3 regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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4
Q

what are the six major functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion and mastication
propulsion and mixing
secretion
digestion
absorption
elimination

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5
Q

why is it important for solid foods to be mechanically broken down by mastication

A
  • digestive enzymes only effective on outer surface of food particles
  • to increase total surface area for digestion
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6
Q

define propulsion

A

the movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to another

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7
Q

define mixing

A

the movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract without forward movement

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8
Q

what is the correct order of propulsive movement

A

swallowing
peristalsis
mass movements

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9
Q

what are peristaltic waves

A

muscular contractions
- wave of relaxation of the circular muscles in front of the mass of undigested food (chyme)
followed by
-wave of strong contraction of the circular muscles behind the chyme forcing bolus along the digestive tract

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10
Q

what are mass movements

A

contractions that move material in the distal parts of the large intestine to the anus

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11
Q

what are mixing waves

A

gentle stomach contractions that churn food with gastric secretions
then released to small intestine as chyme

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12
Q

what are segmental contractions

A

mixing of food particles with digestive secretions in the small intestine

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13
Q

describe the process of segmental contraction

A

-mass of chyme begins at one location
-segments of digestive tract alternate between contraction and relaxation
-mass of chyme spreads out in both directions

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14
Q

what is the role of secretions

A

-lubricate (food)
-liquefy (food)
-buffer (food)
-digest (food)

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15
Q

Define digestion

A

the breakdown of large organic molecules into their individual components

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16
Q

Define absorption

A

the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system
-depending on molecule, they may pass out by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, symport or endocytosis

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17
Q

Define elimination

A

the process by which the waste products of digestion are removed from the body

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18
Q

What are the 3 major types of glands associated with the digestive tract?

A
  • unicellular mucus glands in mucosa
  • multicellular glands in mucosa and submucosa
  • multicellular glands outside digestive tract
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19
Q

What is the innermost tunic of the GI tract (in contact with the lumen)

A

the mucosa

20
Q

What does the mucosa consist of

A
  • mucous epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
21
Q

Describe the structure and function of the mucous epithelium

A
  • non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium in mouth, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal
  • simple columnar epithelium in remainder of GI tract
  • layer of epithelial cells- absorbs material into capillaries/lymph lacteals
  • protects from gut abrasion and exocrine/endocrine and enteroendocrine secretions
22
Q

Describe the structure and function of the lamina propria

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • contains Peyer’s patches
  • contains capillaries and lymph vessels
  • involved in inflammatory response
23
Q

Describe the structure and function of the muscularis mucosae

A
  • thin outer layer of smooth muscle
  • controls folding of GI wall
24
Q

What are the 2 types of specialised cells in the mucosa

A

-mechanoreceptors
-chemoreceptors

25
List the tunica of the GI tract from innermost to outermost
-mucosa -submucosa -muscularis externae -serosa/adventitia
26
Describe the structure and function of the submucosa
- thick layer of connective tissue - network of neurons and glial cells form submucosal plexus of the ENS (directly in contact with mucosa) - oesophagus and stomach lack submucosal plexus - sensory function and regulation of secretory activity
27
Describe the structure and function of the muscularis externae
-inner layer of circular smooth muscle -outer layer longitudinal smooth muscle -between 2 layers : myenteric plexus -myenteric plexus: more extensive than submucosal and controls GI tract motility -exceptions: upper oesophagus (skeletal) and stomach (3 layers) -responsible for peristalsis and segmentation
28
Describe the structure and function of the serosa/adventitia
-outermost layer -loose connective tissue -forms visceral peritoneum and is continuous with parietal peitoneum -simple squamous epithelium -protects GI tract when it moves
29
How is most nervous regulation of the GI tract controlled
-by the enteric nervous system (ENS) -submucosal and myenteric plexuses -also autonomic (ANS) innervation (mostly parasympathetic) through vagus nerves
30
What is the ENS capable of controlling in the digestive tract?
- peristaltic and mixing movements - blood flow to tract
31
What is Hirschprung disease?
-painful developmental disorder -caused by absence of enteric neurones in distal large intestine -loss of function mutation in RET gene -results in poor intestinal motility and severe constipation
32
Describe the chemical regulation of the digestive system
-acetylcholine (stimulates GI activity) -norepinephrine (inhibits GI activity) -serotonin (stimulates GI motility) -95% body serotonin found in GI tract -gastrin and secretin (regulates GI function) -local chemical regulators eg. histamine
33
What is the peritoneum
-continuous serous membrane -lining the walls and organs of the abdominal cavity
34
Describe the structure of the peritoneum
-serous membrane: smooth and secretes lubricating serous fluid - membrane and fluid reduce friction as organs move -portion that covers organs: visceral peritoneum -portion that covers interior surface of abdominal cavity wall: perietal peritoneum
35
What is peritonitis?
-potentially life-threatening inflammation of the peritoneum -resulting from chemical irritation (bile escape from damaged GI tract or infection
36
What are the main symptoms of peritonitis?
-acute abdominal pain and tenderness worsened by movement -ascites can occur (accumulation of excess serous fluid in peritoneal cavity) -ascites also present in starvation, alcoholism and liver cancer
37
Describe the regions of the oral cavity
-vestibule (space between lips or cheeks and teeth) -oral cavity proper (lies medial to teeth)
38
Which type of epithelium is present in the oral cavity?
- non-keratinised stratified squamous - protects against abrasion
39
Name the 2 dental arches
-maxillary arch -mandibular arch
40
Describe the protective functions of saliva
- large volume of saliva (continually washes oral surface preventing bacterial infection) - HCO3- (acts as buffer to neutralise acids produced by oral bacteria) - lysozyme and immunoglobulin A (prevents bacterial infection) -mucus protects GI tract from physical abrasion
41
Describe the action of salivary amylase
breaks covalent bonds between glucose molecules in starch and other polysaccharides to produce disaccharides maltose and isomaltose
42
Name the secretions released from the oral cavity
-serous saliva -salivary amylase -mucus -lingual lipase
43
Name the salivary glands
-submandibular gland -sublingual gland -parotid gland
44
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- oropharynx - mouth - oesophagus - anal canal
45
Name the structures through which a bolus enters and exits the stomach
- enters through lower oesophageal sphincter - exits through pyloric sphincter
46

Human Physiology in Health and Disease (5 decks)

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