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Human Physiology in Health and Disease > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

The Heart

1
Q

what is the fundamental function of the heart?

A

the heart acts as a pump, producing the force that causes blood to circulate

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2
Q

what is the pericardium and what is it made up of?

A

the pericardium is a sac that surrounds the heart that consists of the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium

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3
Q

what is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

it helps hold the heart in place

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4
Q

what is the function of the serous pericardium?

A

it reduces friction as the heart beats

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5
Q

what does the serous pericardium consist of?

A

the parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium and pericardial cavity

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6
Q

name the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

the outer epicardium (visceral pericardium), the middle myocardium and inner endocardium

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7
Q

describe the functions of each layer of the heart

A

outer epicardium- provides protection against friction of rubbing organs
middle myocardium- responsible for contraction
inner endocardium- reduces friction from blood passing through heart

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8
Q

the muscular ridges in auricles are called:

A

pectinate muscles

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9
Q

the muscular ridges in ventricles are called:

A

trabeculae carneae

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10
Q

an atrial flap is called:

A

an auricle

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11
Q

what separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

the coronary sulcus

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12
Q

what grooves separate right and left ventricles?

A

interventricular grooves

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13
Q

what structures enter the right atrium?

A

inferior and superior vena cavae and the coronary sinus

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14
Q

what structures enter the left atrium?

A

the four pulmonary veins

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15
Q

what structures exit the right and left ventricles respectively?

A

right ventricle- pulmonary trunk
left ventricle- aorta

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16
Q

what structures separate the atria and ventricles from one another?

A

atria- the interatrial septum
ventricles- the interventricular septum

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17
Q

which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

A

the tricuspid valve

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18
Q

which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

A

the bicuspid valve

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19
Q

how are muscles attached to the atrioventricular valves?

A

the chordae tendineae attach the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves

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20
Q

which valves separate the aorta and pulmonary trunk from the ventricles?

A

the semilunar valves

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21
Q

what is the route of blood flow of blood from the body?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, lungs

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22
Q

what is the route of blood flow from the lungs?

A

left atrium, left ventricle, body

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23
Q

list some key histological features of cardiac muscle

A

-branched
-centrally located nucleus
-actin and myosin organised to form sarcomeres
-cm cells joined by intercalated disks
-APs pass from one cm cell to another through gap junctions
-slow and prolonged contraction time
-well supplied with blood vessels
-aerobically respire to form ATP

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24
Q

where are the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes located?

A

in the right atrium

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25
Q

how is the AV node connected to the bundle branches in the interventricular septum?

A

by the AV bundle

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26
Q

what structure do the bundle branches give rise to?

A

the Purkinje fibers (supply ventricles)

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27
Q

the SA node is made up of:

A

small-diameter cardiac muscle cells that initiate action potentials which spread across the atria, causing them to contract

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28
Q

list the key structure of the heart in the order an action potential passes through them

A

-SA node
-AVN
-AV bundle
-bundle branches
-Purkinje fibres

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29
Q

the term for the spontaneous development of a pacemaker potential from cardiac pacemaker muscle cells is:

A

autorhythmic

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30
Q

the pacemaker potential results from the movement of:

A

sodium and calcium into the pacemaker cells

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31
Q

what are ectopic foci?

A

areas of the heart that regulate heart rate under abnormal conditions

32
Q

the movement of which ions cause depolarisation in cardiac muscle cells?

A

sodium ions through voltage-gated sodium channels

33
Q

which voltage-gated channels are open and closed during depolarisation of a cardiac muscle cell?

A

-sodium channels open
-potassium channels closed
-calcium channels begin to open

34
Q

repolarisation of a cardiac muscle cell is the result of:

A

closure of VG sodium channels and opening of VG potassium channels

35
Q

why does the plateau during an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell exist?

A

voltage gated calcium channels remain open

36
Q

rapid repolarisation results from:

A

closure of VG calcium channels and opening of some VG potassium channels

37
Q

the entry of calcium into cardiac muscle cells causes:

A

calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause contractions

38
Q

cardiac muscle has prolonged depolarisation and thus a prolonged refractory period. what does this allow for?

A

allows the cardiac muscle time to relax before the next action potential causes a contraction

39
Q

an ECG records:

A

the electrical activity of the heart

40
Q

which phase produces the P wave?

A

depolarisation of the atria

41
Q

which phase produces the QRS complex?

A

depolarisation of the ventricles

42
Q

repolarisation of the atria occurs during:

A

the QRS complex

43
Q

which phase produces the T wave?

A

repolarisation of the ventricles

44
Q

ECGs can be used to diagnose heart abnormalities based on:

A

-magnitude of ECG waves
-time between waves

45
Q

an ECG would not be able to diagnose a heart murmur because:

A

heart murmurs are detected by listening to heart sounds

46
Q

activity in which valves cause the 1st heart sound?

A

closure of the atrioventricular valves

47
Q

activity in which valves cause the 2nd heart sound?

A

closure of the semilunar valves

48
Q

a 3rd heart sound may be produced due to:

A

turbulent flow of blood into the ventricles

49
Q

mean arterial blood pressure is:

A

the average blood pressure in the aorta

50
Q

mean arterial pressure is proportional to:

A

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

51
Q

define cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

52
Q

define peripheral resistance

A

total resistance to blood flow through blood vessels

53
Q

cardiac output is equal to:

A

stroke volume x heart rate

54
Q

define stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat

55
Q

stroke volume is equal to:

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

56
Q

how does increased venous return increase stroke volume?

A

by increasing end diastolic volume

57
Q

how does increased force of contraction increase stroke volume?

A

by decreasing end systolic volume

58
Q

what is cardiac reserve?

A

the difference between resting and exercising cardiac output

59
Q

what is venous return?

A

the amount of blood that returns to the heart during each cardiac cycle

60
Q

what does the Starling Law of the heart describe?

A

the relationship between preload and the stroke volume of the heart

61
Q

which part of the brain regulates parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous control of the heart?

A

the cardioregulatory center in the medulla oblongata

62
Q

parasympathetic stimulation is supplied by:

A

the vagus nerve

63
Q

how does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?

A

decreases heart rate

64
Q

describe parasympathetic stimulation’s role in heart regulation

A

-postganglionic neurons secrete ACh (acetylcholine)
-increases membrane permeability to potassium
-causes hyperpolarisation of the membrane

65
Q

sympathetic simulation is supplied by:

A

the cardiac nerves

66
Q

how does sympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?

A

increases heart rate (as well as force of contraction/stroke volume)

67
Q

describe sympathetic stimulation’s role in heart regulation

A

-postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine
-increases membrane permeability to sodium and calcium
-causes depolarisation of the membrane

68
Q

from which location are epinephrine and norepinephrine released?

A

into the blood from the adrenal medulla

69
Q

how do epinephrine and norepinephrine affect the heart?

A

-increase heart rate and force of contraction
-long-lasting effects compared to neural stimulation

70
Q

what do baroreceptors monitor?

A

blood pressure

71
Q

how do baroreceptors respond to a decrease in blood pressure?

A

-increase sympathetic stimulation
-decrease parasympathetic stimulation
-increasing heart rate and force of contraction

72
Q

what do chemoreceptors monitor?

A

-blood CO2 levels
-blood O2 levels
-blood pH levels

73
Q

how do medullary chemoreceptors respond to increased blood CO2 and decreased blood pH?

A

-increase sympathetic stimulation
-decrease parasympathetic stimulation

74
Q

which type of chemoreceptor is stimulated by low O2 levels and what does this result in?

A

-carotid body chemoreceptor
-result in decreased heart rate and vasoconstriction

75
Q

what is the effect of an increase or decrease in extracellular potassium on heart rate?

A

decreased heart rate

76
Q

what are the effects of increased extracellular calcium on the heart?

A

-increased force of contraction
-decreased heart rate

77
Q

what are the effects of body temperature on heart rate?

A

-increased temperature increased heart rate
-decreased temperature decreased heart rate

Human Physiology in Health and Disease (1 decks)

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