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A&P Final Part 2 > Chapter 24 - The Digestive System - Part1 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - The Digestive System - Part1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

the BREAKDOWN of complex molecules to simpler ones. requires oxygen and organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

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3
Q

What 2 systems work together to provide the oxygen needed for catabolism?

A

the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

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4
Q

the digestive system provides both the…

A

fuel that keeps the cells running and building blocks needed for growth and repair

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5
Q

The digestive system consists of: (2 things)

A

-the GI tract (digestive tract or alimentary canal)
-various accessory organs

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6
Q

Name the structures that make up the alimentary canal/ GI tract/ digestive tract

A

mouth (oral cavity)
pharynx (throat)
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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7
Q

Name the accessory structures of the digestive system

A

teeth
tongue
glandular organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

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8
Q

Where do glandular organs secrete their products?

A

into DUCTS that empty into the digestive tract

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9
Q

What do the secretions of glandular organs contain?

A

enzymes, water, buffers, other substances

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10
Q

Name the 6 integrated steps of the digestive system

A
  1. Integration
  2. Mechanical processing
  3. Digestion
  4. Secretions
  5. Absorption
  6. Excretion
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11
Q

Is ingestion a conscious choice?

A

yes

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12
Q

What is secretion?

A

the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs

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13
Q

What is absorption?

A

the movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, etc across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract

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14
Q

How does the lining of the digestive tract play a protective role?

A

-against the corrosive effects of digestive acids and enzymes
-mechanical stresses
-bacteria that are swallowed or live in the digestive tract

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15
Q

the abdominopelvic cavity contains the ___ cavity

A

peritoneal cavtiy

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16
Q

describe the structure of the peritoneal cavity

A

lined by a serous membrane which consists of a superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue

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16
Q

describe the structure of the peritoneal cavity

A

lined by a serous membrane which consists of a superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue

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17
Q

Name and explain the 2 parts of the serous membrane lining the peritoneal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum (covers organs which project in the abdominopelvic cavity)

parietal peritoneum (lines inner surfaces of the body wall)

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18
Q

What is the term for the buildup of peritoneal fluid that creates abdominal swelling?

A

ascites

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19
Q

What is another word for the visceral peritoneum

A

the serosa

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20
Q

What is the largest serous membrane in the body

A

the peritoneum

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21
Q

what are “mesenteries”

A

double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend portions of the digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity and prevent intestines from becoming tangled during digestive movement or changes in body positio

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22
Q

What are the 4 major layers of the digestive tract from innermost to outermost

A

innermost - mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
outermost -serosa

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23
Q

Describe the structure of the mucosa, the innermost layer of the digestive tract

A

mucosa is a mucous membrane
consists of an epithelium moistened by glandular secretions
has a LAMINA PROPRIA of areolar tissue

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24
Q

Where are mechanical stresses most severe in the digestive tract and what conclusion can you draw from this?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus
contains stratified squamous epithelium here
stomach, small intestine, and large intestine have simple columnar

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25
Q

Scattered among these simple columnar cells are which 2 types of cells?

A

mucous cells and enteroendocrine cells

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26
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

secrete hormones that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract and accessory organs

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27
Q

The secretions of gland cells by the mucosa, submucosa, or accessory glandular organs are carried to epithelial surfaces by….

A

ducts

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28
Q

what is the “lamina propria”

A

a layer of areolar tissue that contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells, and scattered lymphoid tissue

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29
Q

what is the “muscularis mucosae”

A

the narrow sheet of smooth and elastic muscle fibers found in the lamina propria of most areas of the digestive tract

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30
Q

how are the smooth muscle cells in the muscularis mucosae arranged?

A

in 2 concentric layers
inner layer encircles the lumen
outer layer contains muscle cells parallel to the long axis of the tract (aka longitudinal layer)

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31
Q

contractions in the 2 layers of the muscularis mucosae do what??

A

alter the shape of the lumen and move the epithelial plates and folds

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32
Q

the submucosa is a layer of ____ ____ connective tissue that connects the ___ to the ____

A

DENSE IRREGULAR that connects the mucosa to the muscularis externa

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33
Q

describe general components of the submucosa layer

A

numerous blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the digestive tract

34
Q

The muscularis externa is dominated by what type of cells?

A

smooth muscle cells

35
Q

Where is there NO serosa

A

there is no serosa covering the muscularis externa of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum
instead, there is a dense network of collagen fibers called the ADVENTITITA

36
Q

The smooth muscle along the digestive tract has rhythmatic cycles of activity due to…..

A

pacesetter cells

37
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

the muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to another by contractions

38
Q

what is the term for the small rounded ball of digested contents?

A

a bolus

39
Q

what is “segmentation”

A

does not follow a set pattern and does not push materials in any set direction
cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus, mixing the contents with the intestinal secretions

40
Q

Name 3 general things that can control digestive functions

A

local factors
neural mechanisms
hormonal mechanisms

41
Q

What is the PRIMARY stimulus for digestive activities

A

local factors
respond to changes in pH, physical distortion of the wall of the digestive tract, or the presence of chemicals

42
Q

Identify the organs of the digestive system

A

esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

43
Q

What is the importance of the mesenteries?

A

the mesenteries are sheets consisting of 2 layers of serous membrane connected by loose connective tissue
they support and stabilize organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and provide a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

44
Q

Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another: peristalsis or segmentation?

A

peristalsis.
segmentation is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluid

45
Q

Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another: peristalsis or segmentation?

A

peristalsis.
segmentation is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluid

46
Q

Name the layers of the gastrointestinal tract from superficial to deep

A

superficial - serosa
muscularis externalis
submucosa
mucosa

47
Q

What effect would a drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract have on peristalsis?

A

parasympathetic stimulation increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive tract
therefore, this drug would slow down peristalsis

48
Q

what is another name for the oral cavity

A

the buccal cavity

49
Q

The oral cavity is lined by ___ mucosa which has what kind of epithelium?

A

oral mucosa, stratified squamous

50
Q

the soft palate lies ___ to the hard palate

A

posterior

51
Q

name the 4 structures that form the mouth

A

tongue, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate

52
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands are there?

A

3

53
Q

name the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

54
Q

which pair of salivary glands produces secretions that have large amounts of salivary amylase?

A

parotid glands

55
Q

Saliva is 99.4% ______

A

water

56
Q

What gives saliva its lubricating action?

A

mucins (glycoproteins)

57
Q

Most of the saliva comes from which pair of glands?

A

the submandibular glands

58
Q

______ in saliva keep the pH of the mouth near 7

A

buffers

59
Q

saliva contains ____ and ___ which help to control the populations of oral bacteria

A

antibodies and lyzozyme

60
Q

Salivary amylase begins digesting ______

A

starch (complex carbohydrates)

61
Q

Where does the digestion process begin?

A

the oral cavity

62
Q

Does any ABSORPTION take place across the lining of the oral cavity?

A

no

63
Q

The upper and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered with _____, some of which contain taste buds

A

papillae

64
Q

lingual glands are found where and what do they secrete?

A

found on the tongue and they secrete lingual lipase to start lipid digestion

65
Q

What do the extrinsic tongue muscles do? intrinsic?

A

extrinsic - involved in gross movements of the tongue
intrinsic - change the shape of the tongue and assist the extrinsic muscles in precise movements such as speech

66
Q

what is another word for the chewing of food?

A

mastication

67
Q

What is the part of tooth that has a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone???

A

dentin

68
Q

How does dentin differ from bone

A

it DOES NOT CONTAIN CELLS

69
Q

the neck of the tooth marks the boundary between the ___ and _____

A

root and crown

70
Q

a layer of ___ covers the dentin of the crown

A

enamel

71
Q

what does enamel consist of?

A

calcium phosphate in a crystalline form

72
Q

Adequate amounts of ____, ____, and ___ during childhood are essential if the enamel coating is to be complete and resistant to decay

A

calcium, phosphate, vitamin d

73
Q

what is the hardest, biologically manufactured substance

A

enamel

74
Q

name the 4 types of teeth

A

incisors
cuspids (canines)
bicuspids (premolars)
molars

75
Q

what are the 2 sets of teeth that form during development

A

deciduous teeth
secondary dentition (permanent dentition)

75
Q

what are the 2 sets of teeth that form during development

A

deciduous teeth
secondary dentition (permanent dentition)

76
Q

The deciduous teeth either….

A

fall out of are pushed to the side by ERUPTION

77
Q

Name the structures associated with the oral cavity

A

tongue
salivary glands
teeth

78
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity

A

stratified squamous

79
Q

The digestion of which nutrients would be affected by damage to the parotid salivary glands

A

Parotid salivary glands secrete salivary amylase so the digestion of complex carbohydrates would be affected

80
Q

Which type of tooth is most useful for chopping off bits of rigid foods

A

incisors

81
Q

Where are the fauces located?

A

the fauces is the dividing line between the oral cavity and the pharynx

A&P Final Part 2 (9 decks)

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