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A&P Final Part 2 > Chapter 24 - The Digestive system - part 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - The Digestive system - part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

All blood leaving the absorptive surfaces of the digestive tract enter….

A

the hepatic portal system which flows into the liver

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2
Q

Bile salts break what down and what is this process called?

A

bile salts break lipid droplets apart. this is called emulsification

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3
Q

describe the structure of the gallbladder

A

hollow, pear-shaped muscular sack

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4
Q

Where is chemical digestion basically completed?

A

at the small intestine

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5
Q

What increases absorptive effectiveness in the small intestine?

A

movement of the mucosa (microvilli, villi, plicae circulares)

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6
Q

the movements of the mucosa do what to the intestinal contents?

A

stir and mix

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7
Q

name the 3 regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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8
Q

how is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients?

A

-the walls of the small intestine have folds called plicae circulares

-the tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms fingerlike projections (villi)

-The epithelial cells that cover the villi have an exposed surface covered by microvilli

-the small intestine has a very rich supply of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels which transports the nutrients that are absorbed

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9
Q

Does a high fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin in the blood?

A

raise

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10
Q

How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin?

A

the hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to release fluid high in buffers to neutralize the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal if the small intestine did not produce secretin

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11
Q

the digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas?

A

lipids because the pancreas is the primary source of lipases

such damage would also reduce carbohydrate and protein digestion but not as much because these enzymes are produced by other digestive structures

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12
Q

the salivary glands produce enzymes that break down which biomolecule(s)

A

starch (carbohydrates)

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13
Q

the small intestine produces enyzmes that break down which biomolecule(s)

A

carbohydrates and proteins

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14
Q

the stomach produces enzymes that break down which biomolecule(s)

A

proteins

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15
Q

what is the shape of the large intestine

A

horse shoe shape

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16
Q

the large intestine begins at the ___ and ends at the ____

A

begins at the ileum and ends at the anus

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17
Q

the large intestine can be divided into 3 parts:

A
  1. The pouchlike cecum
  2. the colon (the largest portion)
  3. the rectum
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18
Q

Where in the large intestine does compaction begin?

A

the cecum

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19
Q

the cecum receives and stores materials arriving from where?

A

the ileum

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20
Q

where is the appendix attached to?

A

the cecum

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21
Q

the colon has a ___ diameter and ____ wall than the small intestine

A

larger diameter and thinner wall

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22
Q

What is the name of the pouches in the wall of the colon?

A

Haustra

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23
Q

What is the functional purpose of the Haustra?

A

to permit expansion and elongation

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24
Q

what creates haustra?

A

muscle tension in the teniae coli (3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle)

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25
Q

Name the 4 regions of the colon

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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26
Q

the sigmoid colon empties into the….

A

rectum

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27
Q

the ascending colon turns into the transverse colon at the….

A

right colic flexure

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28
Q

the transverse colon turns into the descending colon at the…

A

left colic flexure

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29
Q

the taeniae coli are just deep to the…

A

serosa

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30
Q

where does the descending colon become the sigmoid colon

A

at the sigmoid flexure

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31
Q

what forms the last 15cm of the digestive tract?

A

the rectum

32
Q

what is the last portion of the rectum?

A

the anal canal

33
Q

what is the exit of the anal canal?

A

the anus

34
Q

Describe the structure of the anus

A

epidermis is KERATINIZED and identical to the surface of the skin

35
Q

how many anal sphincters are there? name them

A

2
internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter

36
Q

differentiate between the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter

A

internal anal sphincter
-circular muscular layer
-involuntary control
-made up of smooth muscle

external anal sphincter
-encircles DISTAL portion of anal canal
-under voluntary control
-made up of skeletal muscle

37
Q

does the large intestine contain villi?

A

NO

38
Q

The large intestine contains a lot of which type of cell?

A

goblet cells

39
Q

WHY does the large intestine contain so many goblet cells?

A

mucus provides lubrication for the fecal material

40
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic molecules that are important as cofactors or coenzymes in many metabolic pathways

41
Q

what is important for the large intestine to be able to absorb vitamins?

A

microbiome
-microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses)

42
Q

Bacteria in the colon make 3 vitamins that supplement the diet:

A

vitamin k
vitamin b5
biotin

43
Q

vitamin k is __ soluble

A

fat

44
Q

biotin is ___ soluble

A

water

45
Q

vitamin b5 is __ soluble

A

water

46
Q

Why is vitamin K important?

A

the liver needs it to synthesize the 4 clotting factors, including prothrombin

47
Q

why is biotin important?

A

important for glucose metabolism

48
Q

why is vitamin b5 important?

A

required in the manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters

49
Q

bacteria convert bilirubin (organic waste) to which 2 things?

A

urobilinogens and stercobilinogens

50
Q

what is the fate of some of the urobilinogens?

A

absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted through the urine

51
Q

urobilinogens and stercobilinogens that remain in the colon are converted to….

A

urobilins and stercobilins (by exposure to oxygen)

52
Q

what 2 reflexes move material into the cecum while we eat?

A

gastroileal and gastroenteric reflexes

53
Q

why is movement from the cecum to the transverse colon very slow?

A

to allow hours for water absorption

54
Q

what mechanism moves material along the length of the colon?

A

peristaltic waves

55
Q

what mechanism mixes contents of the adjacent haustra

A

segmentation

56
Q

movement from the transverse colon to the rest of the colon results from….

A

POWERFUL peristaltic contractions (mass movements)

57
Q

what is the stimulus of these powerful peristaltic contractions?

A

the distension (swelling) of the stomach and duodenum

58
Q

“the stimulus of powerful peristaltic contractions that produce movements from the transverse colon to the rest of the colon is stimulated by distention of the stomach and duodenum.”
THIS STIMULUS IS RELAYED OVER….

A

intestinal nerve plexuses

59
Q

distension of the rectal wall initiates….

A

defecation reflex

60
Q

the defecation reflex involves two ____ ____ loops which are both triggered by the stimulation of ____ receptors in the rectum

A

positive feedback
stretch

61
Q

Identify the 4 regions of the colon

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

62
Q

What are some major histological differences between the large intestine and small intestine

A

large intestine — diameter is wider and walls are thinner and LACK VILLI. abundance of mucus cells and intestinal glands

63
Q

Differentiate between haustral churching and mass movements

A

mass movements - occur a few times per day throughout the transverse colon and distal portions of the large intestine. Strong peristaltic contractions move material along the length of the colon

in haustral churning, segmentation movements mix the contents of the nearby haustrs

64
Q

a balanced diet contains….

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water

65
Q

molecules that are absorbed into the bloodstream do one of 2 things:

A

-broken down to provide energy for ATP synthesis

-used to synthesize carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

66
Q

Digestive enzymes break molecular bonds in large organic molecules through a process called….

A

hydrolysis

67
Q

Carbohydrases break bonds between…..

A

simple sugars

68
Q

Proteases break bonds between….

A

amino acids

69
Q

Lipases separate __ from __

A

fatty acids from glycerides

70
Q

digestive enzymes are secreted by which 4 structures?

A

salivary glands
stomach
pancreas
tongue

71
Q

does facilitated diffusion require ATP

A

NO

72
Q

What component of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals?

A

fats

73
Q

the absorption of which vitamin would be impaired by the removal of the stomach?

A

vitamin b12.
absorption of vitamin b12 requires intrinsic factor , produced by the parietal cells of the stomach

74
Q

why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening but constipation (infrequent defecation) is not

A

an individual with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes faster than it can be replaced. The resulting dehydration can be fatal

constipation can be uncomfortable, but it does not interfere with any life supporting processes. The few toxic waste products that should have been eliminated through the digestive system can instead move into the blood and be eliminated by the kidneys

75
Q

identify general digestive system changes that occur with aging

A

-decreased secretory mechanisms
-decreased gastric and intestinal movement
-decreased division of epithelial cells
-loss of muscle tone
-cumulative damage becomes more apparent
-cancer rates increase
-dehydration occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity

76
Q

identify the functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems

A

the digestive system absorbs organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water required by cells of all other body systems

77
Q

what body systems may be affected by inadequate calcium ion absorption?

A

skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems

A&P Final Part 2 (9 decks)

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