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A&P Final Part 2 > Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system is composed of structures involved in _____ and ___ _____

A

ventilation and gas exchange

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2
Q

Name the 5 basic functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
  2. Moving air to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs along respiratory pathways
  3. Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, or other environmental variations. Defense of respiratory system and other tissues from pathogens
  4. Produce sounds
  5. Facilitate detection of odors by olfactory receptors in superior portions of the nasal cavity
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3
Q

The capillaries of the lungs indirectly help to do what?

A

regulate blood volume and blood pressure through the conversion of angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2

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4
Q

How can the respiratory system be divided anatomically?

A

The upper respiratory system and the lower respiratory system

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5
Q

The upper respiratory system consists of….

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

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6
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the upper respiratory system?

A

to filter, warm, and humidify incoming air. This protects the more delicate surfaces of the lower respiratory system

They also cool and dehumidify OUTGOING air

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7
Q

Which is HUMIDIFIED by the upper respiratory system — incoming or outgoing air?

A

incoming

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8
Q

The lower respiratory system consists of….

A

the larynx (voicebox)
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli of the lungs

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9
Q

The lower respiratory system begins at the _____

A

larynx

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10
Q

The term “respiratory tract” refers to what?

A

the passageways that carry air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs

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11
Q

The “conducting” portion of the respiratory tract begins where and extends to where?

A

the CONDUCTING portion begins at the entrance to the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles

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12
Q

The RESPIRATORY portion of the respiratory tract consists of…..

A

the smallest, most delicate bronchioles and the associated alveoli

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13
Q

The respiratory tract can be divided into:

A

2 portions:
conducting portion
respiratory portion

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14
Q

What are alveoli?

A

air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange between air and blood takes place

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15
Q

Why is it that gas exchange can take place quickly and efficiently?

A

because the distance between the blood in an alveolar capillary and the air inside an alveolus is generally less than 1 microliter

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16
Q

Why must the surface are for gas exchange in the lungs be very large?

A

to meet the metabolic requirements or peripheral tissues

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17
Q

Filtering, warming, and humidifying inhaled air begins where?

A

at the entrance to the respiratory tract and continues as air passes through the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

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18
Q

By the time air reaches ______, most foreign particles and pathogens have been removed AND the humidity and temperature are within acceptable limits

A

alveoli

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19
Q

the _______ lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

respiratory mucosa

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20
Q

What structure of the conducting portion of the respiratory system is responsible for removing pathogens/foreign particles, and makes the humidity and temp of air within acceptable minutes by the time it reaches the alveoli?

A

the respiratory mucosa

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21
Q

what is the term for foreign particles/pathogens being removed from air (and temp and humidity at acceptable limits) by the time air reaches the alveoli?

A

the conditioning process

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22
Q

a mucosa is a _____ _____

A

mucous membrane

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23
Q

Describe the layers of the respiratory mucosa

A

-Epithelium with an underlying layer of areolar tissue

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24
Q

What is the term for the underlying layer or areolar tissue in the respiratory mucosa?

A

the lamina propria

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25
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

to support the respiratory epithelium

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26
Q

In the upper respiratory system, trachea, and bronchi, the lamina propria contains ____ ____ that discharge their secretions onto epithelial curface

A

mucous glands

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27
Q

the lamina propria in the conducting portions of the lower respiratory system contains…..

A

bundles of smooth muscle cells. At the bronchioles, the smooth muscles form thick bands that encircle the lumen

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28
Q

Is the structure of the respiratory epithelium the same throughout the respiratory tract?

A

NO

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29
Q

How does the structure of the respiratory epithelium change throughout the respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharynx=
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with numerous mucous cells

inferior portions of the pharynx=stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

A series of ______ mechanisms make up the respiratory defense system and prevent contamination from debris or pathogens

A

filtration

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31
Q

Describe the respiratory defense system

A

mucous cells and mucous glands in the lamina propria produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces.
In the nasal cavity, cilia sweep that mucus and any trapped debris or microorganisms towards the pharynx
CALLED A MUCOUS ESCALATOR

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32
Q

Upon exposure to unpleasant stimuli such as dust, how does the respiratory defense system respond?

A

The rate of mucous production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses speeds up

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33
Q

List the 2 anatomical subdivisions of the respiratory system

A

-upper respiratory system
-lower respiratory system

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34
Q

What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

The respiratory mucosa

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35
Q

What is the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system?

A

the nose

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36
Q

What is another word for the nostrils?

A

the external nares

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37
Q

The external nares open into the ____ ____

A

nasal cavity

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38
Q

What is the term for the empty space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose?

A

the nasal vestibule

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39
Q

What structure divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?

A

the nasal septum

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40
Q

Name the 4 surface anatomy structures of the nose (from top to bottom)

A

root
bridge
external nares
apex

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41
Q

the apex is the ___ of the nose

A

tip

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42
Q

The olfactory region is the ____ portion of the nasal cavity

A

superior

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43
Q

Receptors in the olfactory epithelium perform what function?

A

provide your sense of smell

44
Q

The nose contains ______ which are narrow grooves in which air travels from the vestibule to the internal nares

A

conchae

45
Q

name the conchae

A

superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

46
Q

The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the….

A

internal nares

47
Q

The lamina propria of the nasal conchae contains…

A

many veins, arteries, and capillaries that warms and humidifies incoming air and cools and dehumidifies outgoing air

48
Q

what is the term for a nose bleed?

A

epistaxis

49
Q

why is a nosebleed such a common event?

A

the extensive vascularization of the nasal cavity and the vulnerable position of the nose

50
Q

_____ can bring on a nosebleed by rupturing small vessels of the lamina propria

A

hypertension

51
Q

the pharynx is also known as the….

A

throat

52
Q

The pharynx is a chamber shared by the ___ and ____ systems

A

respiratory and digestive

53
Q

the pharynx extends between……

A

the internal nares and entrances to the larynx and esophagus

54
Q

the pharynx can be divided into… (top to bottom)

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

55
Q

Which portion of the pharynx separates it from the oral cavity?

A

the nasopharynx

56
Q

At the boundary between the nasopharynx and oropharynx, the epithelium changes from ___ to ____

A

from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelium

57
Q

what is the narrowest of the 3 portions of the pharynx?

A

the laryngopharynx

58
Q

the laryngopharynx is lined with ____ epithelium

A

stratified squamous

59
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

resist abrasion, chemical attack, and invasion by pathogens

60
Q

Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity so important?

A

The rich vascularization to the nose delivers body heat to the nasal cavity, so inhaled air is warmed before it leaves the nasal cavity. The heat also evaporates moisture from the epithelium to humidify incoming air

61
Q

Name the structures of the upper respiratory system

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

62
Q

Why is the lining of the nasopharynx different from that of the oropharynx and laryyngopharynx?

A

The lining of the nasopharynx only receives air from the nasal cavity, so it has the same epithelium: pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Because the oropharynx and laryngopharynx receive BOTH air from the nasal cavity AND potentially abrasive food from the oral cavity, they have a more highly protective lining: a stratified squamous epithelium like that of the skin

63
Q

The inhaled air that leaves the pharynx enters the _____ through the _____

A

enters the larynx through the glottis

64
Q

The larynx is a ___ ____ that surrounds and protects the ______

A

the larynx is a cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis

65
Q

The larynx has INCOMPLETE cartilaginous walls that are stabilized by…..

A

ligaments and skeletal muscles

66
Q

What are the 3 large, unpaired cartilages from the larynx?

A

the thyroid cartilage
the cricoid cartilage
the epiglottis

67
Q

Of the 3, what is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

A

the thyroid cartilage

68
Q

the thyroid cartilage is made up of what kind of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

69
Q

the anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage is known as the…….

A

Adam’s apple (or laryngeal prominence)

70
Q

The thyroid cartilage sits ____ to the cricoid cartilage

A

superior

71
Q

The cricoid cartilage is made up of ____ cartilage

A

hyaline

72
Q

The cricoid and thyroid cartilages protect the ___ and the entrance to the _____

A

protect the glottis and the entrance to the trachea

73
Q

The epiglottis is ___ shaped

A

shoehorn shaped

74
Q

the epiglottis projects ____ to the glottis and forms a _____

A

superior to the glottis and forms a lid over it

75
Q

The epiglottis is composed of ____ cartilage

A

elastic

76
Q

During swallowing the ____ is elevated and what does the epiglottis do?

A

during swallowing, the LARYNX is elevated and the epiglottis folds back over the glottis, preventing liquid and solid food from entering the respiratory tract

77
Q

The vocal folds are also known as the _____. why???

A

vocal chords because they are involved with the production of sound

78
Q

How are sounds produced?

A

air passing through the glottis vibrates your vocal folds and produces sound waves

79
Q

The pitch of the sound depends on….

A

the diameter, length, and tension in your vocal folds

80
Q

How can the tension of the vocal folds be controlled?

A

by contracting voluntary muscles that reposition the arytenoid cartilages relative to the thyroid cartilage

81
Q

When the distance between the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilage INCREASE, the vocal folds ____ and the pitch _____

A

the vocal folds TENSE and the pitch RISES

81
Q

When the distance between the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilage DECREASE, the vocal folds ____ and the pitch _____

A

the vocal folds RELAX and the pitch FALLS

82
Q

Why do children’s voices tend to be high pitched?

A

because they have slender, short vocal cords

83
Q

At puberty, the larynx of males does what compared to females?

A

the larynx of males enlarges much more than females

84
Q

The vocal cords of an adult male are ____ and ____ than that of a female

A

thicker and longer

85
Q

Sound production at the larynx is called…..

A

phonation

86
Q

The vocal cords are highly _____

A

elastic (bc the vocal ligaments consist of elastic tissue)

87
Q

Clear speech requires ______

A

articulation

88
Q

Articulation is the modification of sounds produced at the larynx. It is done by which structures?

A

the tongue, teeth, and lips

89
Q

Where does amplification and resonance take place (this gives the particular and distinctive sound of your voice)

A

the pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses

90
Q

When your ____ and ____ are filled with mucus rather than air, the sound of our voice changes

A

paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

91
Q

Laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx) affects the….,,

A

vibrational quality of the vocal folds resulting in hoarseness

92
Q

Why can bacterial and viral infections of the epiglottis be very dangerous?

A

The swelling may close the glottis and cause suffocation

93
Q

what is the condition called in which the glottis is closed to cause suffocation? Who is it most likely to affect?

A

acute epiglottitis. Most likely to affect young children

94
Q

The _____ is associated with 2 sets of muscles

A

larynx

95
Q

What are the 2 sets of muscles in which the larynx is associated with

A
  1. The muscles of the neck and pharynx
  2. Smaller intrinsic muscles
96
Q

What is the function of the muscles of the neck and pharynx?

A

to position and stabilize the larynx

97
Q

What is the function of the smaller intrinsic muscles associated with the larynx?

A

they control tension in the vocal folds or open and close the glottis

98
Q

Both sets of muscles associated with the pharynx work together to….

A

prevent food or drink from entering the glottis when we swallow

99
Q

Food is crushed and chewed into a pasty mass, known as a _____ before being swallowed

A

bolus

100
Q

When we swallow, the muscles of the neck and pharynx do what?

A

these muscles elevate the larynx, bending the epiglottis over the glottis so that the bolus can glide across the epiglottis rather than falling into the larynx

101
Q

When is the “coughing reflex” triggered?

A

When food or liquids touch the vestibular or vocal folds

102
Q

In a cough, is the glottis opened or closed?

A

closed

103
Q

In a cough, the chest and abdomen muscles contract, which does what?

A

compresses the lungs

104
Q

Identify the paired and unpaired cartilages associated with the larynx

A

Unpaired laryngeal cartilages = thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis

Paired cartilages = Arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages

105
Q

What are the highly elastic vocal folds of the larynx better known as?

A

the vocal cords

106
Q

When the tension in your vocal folds increases, what happens to the pitch of your voice?

A

the pitch of the voice is raised

A&P Final Part 2 (9 decks)

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