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Biology > Chapter 24 - The Body's Defenses > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - The Body's Defenses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

_________ are proteins produced by virus-infected body cells that help other cells resist viruses.

A

Interferons

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1
Q

Why are the first and second lines of defense called “nonspecific defenses”?

A

Because they do not distinguish one infectious microbe from another.

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2
Q

Your body’s system of defenses against infectious diseases

A

Immune system

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3
Q

Disease-causing viruses and microorganisms

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

Name the two innate defenses

A

External Barriers and Internal Protections

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5
Q

Name the third line of defense

A

Adaptive defense

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6
Q

Why are adaptive defenses also known as acquired defenses?

A

Because they must be activated by exposure to specific invaders

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7
Q

T or F?

Only vertebrates have adaptive defenses.

A

True

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8
Q

______ defenses are the only defenses that prevent infection.

A

External barriers

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9
Q

Name three external innate defenses.

A

Skin, secretions, mucous membranes

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10
Q

Name four internal innate defenses.

A
  • Phagocytic Cells
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Defensive Proteins
  • Inflammatory Response
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11
Q

Name the two white blood cells that contribute to your internal innate defenses.

A

Phagocytic cells (“cellular eating”) and natural killer (NK) cells.

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12
Q

Which white blood cell can recognize virus-infected or cancerous body cells and release chemicals that kill the diseased cells?

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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13
Q

Virus-infected cells 1) make and release interferons that 2) bind to plasma membrane receptors on nearby uninflected cells. This binding stimulates the healthy cells to 3) produce proteins that inhibit viral reproduction

A

Yes

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14
Q

Name two defense proteins

A
  • Interferons

- Complement Proteins

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15
Q

Lymphocytes originate from the stem cells in the bone marrow

A

True

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16
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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17
Q

A type of lymphocyte that matured in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies; responsible for the humoral immune response.

A

B cell (B for Bone marrow).

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18
Q

A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.

A

T cell (T for Thymus)

19
Q

Any molecule that elicits a response from a lymphocyte.

A

Antigen.

20
Q

A protein that is secreted by a B cell and attached to a specific kind of antigen, helping counter its effects.

A

Antibody.

21
Q

Once vaccinated, you have had a primary exposure to specific antigens. If you encounter these antigens again, your body will mount a rapid immune response. The cells that account for this rapid secondary response are called _______. The process that produces these long-lived cells is called _______.

A

Memory cells, clonal selection

22
Q

A baby has been born with an immunodeficiency disease. In trying to diagnose the problem, physicians discover that the child is not producing any antibodies. It is most likely that this child is missing what kind of cells?

A

B cells

23
Q

Name the cell most commonly attacked by HIV

A

Helper T cell

24
Q

Name the defensive cell that initiates the secondary immune response

A

Memory cell

25
Q

Name the defensive cell that attacks infected body cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells

26
Q

Name the defensive cell that carried out the humoral immune response

A

B cell

27
Q

Name the white blood cell that engulfs cells or molecules

A

Phagocytic cell

28
Q

General name for B or T cells.

A

Lymphocyte

29
Q

__________ is a disease that is caused when:
a. cholesterol and other substances accumulate in the walls of blood vessels, narrowing the blood flow passages and
b. making it more likely that blood vessels will be plugged by a blood clot.

A

Atherosclerosis

30
Q

T or F?

The leading cause of death in the U.S. is heart attacks (killing over 1 million people per year.

A

True

31
Q

T or F?

Sweat, saliva, and tears contain antimicrobial chemicals such as lysozyme, an enzyme that disrupts the cell walls of bacteria

A

True

32
Q

Name three groups of nonspecific chemical defenses.

A

1) Sweat, saliva, and tears - contain lysozyme that disrupts the cell walls of bacteria
2) oils and glands - make skin inhospitable to micro organisms
3) stomach acids - kill most of the bacteria swallowed

33
Q

The flushing of open systems also protects the body from infection. Name three

A

1) Tears
2) Urine
3) Swallowing (flushes bacteria into the highly acidic stomach) or vomiting (rapidly expels harmful substances)

34
Q

__________ causes nearby blood vessels to dilate and leak fluid into the wounded tissue, causing it to swell. The swelling helps the tissue to heal by diluting toxins, immobilizing the area, and delivering platelets and clotting proteins to promote scabbing

A

Histamine

35
Q

T or F

The pus that often fills an infected injury consists of dead white blood cells, fluid that leaked from capillaries, and other tissue debris.

A

True

36
Q

When your body is fighting an infection, _______ _______ fill with lymphocytes, causing the “swollen glands” in your neck and armpits.

A

lymph nodes

37
Q

T or F?

Damaged cells also release prostaglandins, which:
a. increase blood flow to the damaged area, causing the wound
to turn red and warm, and
b. stimulate nerves to send pain signals to the brain.

A

True

38
Q

__________ travel through the bloodstream to the hypothalamus, where they stimulate a fever, which may discourage bacterial growth.

A

Pyrogens

39
Q

T or F

Cytotoxic T cells are the only T cells that actually kill other cells.

A

True

40
Q

__________ are abnormal sensitivities to antigens in the environment.

A

Allergies

41
Q

__________ _________ result when the immune system turns against the body’s own molecules

A

Autoimmune diseases

42
Q

In __________ _________ ____________, B cells make antibodies against many sorts of molecules, even histones and DNA released by the normal breakdown of body cells.

A

systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)

43
Q

__________ __________ leads to damage and painful inflammation of the cartilage and bone of joints

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

44
Q

_______-_______ __________ results when the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are the targets of autoimmune cell-mediated responses.

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes

45
Q

__________ __________, a type of cancer that affects the lymphocytes, can depress the immune system. Radiation therapy and drug treatments used against many cancers can have the same effect

A

Hodgkin’s disease

Biology (5 decks)

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