Chapter 23 - Circulation and Respiration

Question 0

True or False? “All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, while all veins carry oxygen-poor blood.”

Answer 0

False

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to the body, but they carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Veins carry oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart, but they carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.

Question 1

What is the difference between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system?

Answer 1

Open circulatory system - vessels have open ends and the circulating fluid flows directly around the body cells.

Closed circulatory system - the circulatory fluid stays within a closed system of vessels

Question 2

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. T or F?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Veins carry blood to the heart? T/F?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Name the network of tiny vessels that allows for exchange between the bloodstream and tissue cells

Answer 4

Capillaries

Question 5

The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels, created by the beating of the heart

Answer 5

Blood pressure

Question 6

The main force driving blood from the heart through the arteries and arteriolar to the capillary beds

Answer 6

Blood pressure

Question 7

The rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into the arteries during systole

Answer 7

Pulse

Question 8

Relaxation phase of the heart (hint … dialate)

Answer 8

Diastole

Question 9

Contraction phase of the heart

Answer 9

Systole

Question 10

Heathy heart rate number

Answer 10

Between 60-80 beats per minute

Question 11

Optimal blood pressure for adults

Answer 11

Below 120 systole and below 80 diastolic

Question 12

What is the term for a persistent blood pressure above 140 systolic and 90 diastolic

Answer 12

Hypertension

Question 13

T or F?

A little over half on blood volume is plasma

Answer 13

True

Question 14

The circulatory system of an adult human has about 5 liters (11 pints) of blood

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are RBCs?

Answer 15

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Question 16

What’s determines blood type? (Hint … it’s on the surface of an RBC)

Answer 16

Carbohydrates

Question 17

Each RBC contains about 250 million molecules of the protein hemoglobin, an iron-containing molecule that transports oxygen

Answer 17

True

Question 18

An iron-containing molecule that transports oxygen

Answer 18

Hemoglobin

Question 19

An RBC’s shape increases the surface area available for gas exchange

Answer 19

True

Question 20

RBCs have nuclei

Answer 20

False

Question 21

An abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells

Answer 21

Anemia

Question 22

Athletic commissions test for cheaters by measuring the percentage of red blood cells in the blood volume. Over 50% is usually grounds for dismissal

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What type of blood cell fights infections and cancer cells?

Answer 23

White blood cells (leucocytes)

Question 24

_____ blood cells are generally large

Answer 24

White ... Leukocytes

Question 25

_____ blood cells are generally small

Answer 25

Red ... Erythrocytes

Question 26

Which type of blood cells are: - larger - lack hemoglobin - have nuclei and a full compartment of organelles - are less abundant

Answer 26

White blood cells

Question 27

HIV patients generally have a lower number of which blood cell? This leads to an increased infection rate.

Answer 27

White blood cells

Question 28

A membrane-wrapped protein found in plasma

Answer 28

Fibrinogen

Question 29

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 29

Platelets - bits of cytoplasm pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow

Question 30

What are the three components of a circulatory system?

Answer 30

1) a central pump 2) a vascular system 3) a circulating fluid

Question 31

When blood leaves the heart in the pulmonary circuit it is oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor?

Answer 31

Oxygen-poor

Question 32

Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body via the venae cavae

Answer 32

Right atrium

Question 33

Name the part of the heart that sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

Answer 33

Right ventricle

Question 34

Name the chamber of the heat that receives blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Answer 34

Left atrium

Question 35

Name the chamber of the heart that sends blood to the body via the aorta

Answer 35

Left ventricle

Question 36

Some babies are born with a small hole in the wall of muscle that separates the left and right ventricles. How does this affect the oxygen content of the blood pumped out of the heart in the systemic circuit?

Answer 36

Oxygen levels are reduced, as oxygen-depleted blood mixes with oxygen-rich blood

Question 37

People who do not get enough iron in their diet run the risk of developing ________.

Answer 37

Anemia

Question 38

Which blood element's main function is transporting O2?

Answer 38

Red blood cells

Question 39

Which blood element's main function is to fight infections?

Answer 39

White blood cells

Question 40

Which blood element's main function is to carry dissolved element's?

Answer 40

Plasma

Question 41

Which blood element's main function is to aide in clotting?

Answer 41

Platelets

Question 42

Name three foods that should be eaten in abundance for a heart-healthy diet?

Answer 42

Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Question 43

Name three dietary elements that should be limited in order to maintain a heart-healthy diet.

Answer 43

Cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans fats.

Question 44

What is the main difference between the respiratory organs of fishes and humans in terms of where they are located in the body?

Answer 44

Fish - Gills - extend outward into the environment Humans - lungs - internal

Question 45

The respiratory surface of vertebrate lungs consists of tiny sacs within the lungs called __________.

Answer 45

Alveoli

Question 46

During inhalation, when the diaphragm contracts and the ribs spread apart, air pressure inside the lungs increases or deceases?

Answer 46

Decreases

Question 47

Why is carbon monoxide deadly?

Answer 47

It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen.

Question 48

The type of adaptive immune response that involves secretion of antibodies into the blood and lymph by effector B cells. These antibodies fight bacteria and viruses in body fluids.

Answer 48

Humoral Immune Response

Question 49

The type of adaptive immune response that involves T cells, lymphocytes that fight body cells infected with pathogens. (Key word is "cell")

Answer 49

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Question 50

Effector T cells respond directly to antigens that have already entered body cells. True or false?

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Helper T cells bind to other white blood cells that have previously encountered an antigen

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What type of T cell does the HIV virus destroy specifically?

Answer 52

Helper T Cells

Question 53

Molecules that elicit a response from lymphocytes are called ________. Proteins secreted by the immune system that bind to theses molecules are called _________.

Answer 53

Antigens; antibodies

Question 54

``` Classify each of the following immune system as being an innate or adaptive response: A. Natural killer cells B. Complement proteins C. Antibodies D. Inflammation E. Interferons F. Cytotoxic T Cells G. Helper T Cells ```

Answer 54

``` A. Natural killer cells - Innate B. Complement proteins - innate C. Antibodies - Adaptive D. Inflammation - Innate E. Interferons - Innate F. Cytotoxic T Cells - Adaptive G. Helper T Cells - Adaptive ```

Question 55

Which of the following bests describes the difference in the way B cells and T cells deal with invaders.

Answer 55

B cells send out antibodies that bind to invaders; T cells directly engage the invaders

Question 56

What makes a secondary immune response faster than a primary immune response

Answer 56

It takes several days for a clone of effector cells to be formed during the primary response. In a secondary response, memory cells can respond more quickly.

Question 57

Explain how each of the following characteristics of the inflammatory response elapsed protect the body: Swelling, pain, and fever.

Answer 57

Swelling dilutes toxics, delivers more oxygen, promotes scabbing; ain't discourages behavior that could cause further damage; fever may inhibit bacterial growth

Question 58

Why is aids deadlier than most other viral diseases?

Answer 58

HIV destroys helper T cells, thereby impairing both the cell-mediated and the humoral immune response

Question 59

How does the autoimmune disease lupus affect the immune system?

Answer 59

In a person with lupus, the immune system makes antibodies against the person's own (self) molecules.

Question 60

__________ is an inherited disease that: (1) can lead to excessive, sometimes fatal, bleeding from even minor cuts and bruises and (2) is caused by a genetic mutation in one of several genes that produce clotting factors.

Answer 60

Hemophilia

Question 61

Cellular respiration uses __________ and __________ to produce energy- carrying ATP molecules. __________ and __________ are by-products of ATP production

Answer 61

Oxygen; glucose; water; carbon dioxide

Question 62

All working cells require a steady supply of __________ and must continuously dispose of __________.

Answer 62

O2; CO2