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Biology > Chapter 23 - Circulation and Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Circulation and Respiration Flashcards

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0
Q

True or False? “All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, while all veins carry oxygen-poor blood.”

A

False

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to the body, but they carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Veins carry oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart, but they carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.

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1
Q

What is the difference between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system?

A

Open circulatory system - vessels have open ends and the circulating fluid flows directly around the body cells.

Closed circulatory system - the circulatory fluid stays within a closed system of vessels

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2
Q

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. T or F?

A

True

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3
Q

Veins carry blood to the heart? T/F?

A

True

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4
Q

Name the network of tiny vessels that allows for exchange between the bloodstream and tissue cells

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels, created by the beating of the heart

A

Blood pressure

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6
Q

The main force driving blood from the heart through the arteries and arteriolar to the capillary beds

A

Blood pressure

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7
Q

The rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into the arteries during systole

A

Pulse

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8
Q

Relaxation phase of the heart (hint … dialate)

A

Diastole

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9
Q

Contraction phase of the heart

A

Systole

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10
Q

Heathy heart rate number

A

Between 60-80 beats per minute

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11
Q

Optimal blood pressure for adults

A

Below 120 systole and below 80 diastolic

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12
Q

What is the term for a persistent blood pressure above 140 systolic and 90 diastolic

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

T or F?

A little over half on blood volume is plasma

A

True

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14
Q

The circulatory system of an adult human has about 5 liters (11 pints) of blood

A

True

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15
Q

What are RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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16
Q

What’s determines blood type? (Hint … it’s on the surface of an RBC)

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

Each RBC contains about 250 million molecules of the protein hemoglobin, an iron-containing molecule that transports oxygen

A

True

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18
Q

An iron-containing molecule that transports oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

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19
Q

An RBC’s shape increases the surface area available for gas exchange

A

True

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20
Q

RBCs have nuclei

A

False

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21
Q

An abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells

A

Anemia

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22
Q

Athletic commissions test for cheaters by measuring the percentage of red blood cells in the blood volume. Over 50% is usually grounds for dismissal

A

True

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23
Q

What type of blood cell fights infections and cancer cells?

A

White blood cells (leucocytes)

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24
Q

_____ blood cells are generally large

A

White … Leukocytes

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25
Q

_____ blood cells are generally small

A

Red … Erythrocytes

26
Q

Which type of blood cells are:

  • larger
  • lack hemoglobin
  • have nuclei and a full compartment of organelles
  • are less abundant
A

White blood cells

27
Q

HIV patients generally have a lower number of which blood cell? This leads to an increased infection rate.

A

White blood cells

28
Q

A membrane-wrapped protein found in plasma

A

Fibrinogen

29
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets - bits of cytoplasm pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow

30
Q

What are the three components of a circulatory system?

A

1) a central pump
2) a vascular system
3) a circulating fluid

31
Q

When blood leaves the heart in the pulmonary circuit it is oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor?

A

Oxygen-poor

32
Q

Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body via the venae cavae

A

Right atrium

33
Q

Name the part of the heart that sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

A

Right ventricle

34
Q

Name the chamber of the heat that receives blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

35
Q

Name the chamber of the heart that sends blood to the body via the aorta

A

Left ventricle

36
Q

Some babies are born with a small hole in the wall of muscle that separates the left and right ventricles. How does this affect the oxygen content of the blood pumped out of the heart in the systemic circuit?

A

Oxygen levels are reduced, as oxygen-depleted blood mixes with oxygen-rich blood

37
Q

People who do not get enough iron in their diet run the risk of developing ________.

A

Anemia

38
Q

Which blood element’s main function is transporting O2?

A

Red blood cells

39
Q

Which blood element’s main function is to fight infections?

A

White blood cells

40
Q

Which blood element’s main function is to carry dissolved element’s?

A

Plasma

41
Q

Which blood element’s main function is to aide in clotting?

A

Platelets

42
Q

Name three foods that should be eaten in abundance for a heart-healthy diet?

A

Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

43
Q

Name three dietary elements that should be limited in order to maintain a heart-healthy diet.

A

Cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans fats.

44
Q

What is the main difference between the respiratory organs of fishes and humans in terms of where they are located in the body?

A

Fish - Gills - extend outward into the environment

Humans - lungs - internal

45
Q

The respiratory surface of vertebrate lungs consists of tiny sacs within the lungs called __________.

A

Alveoli

46
Q

During inhalation, when the diaphragm contracts and the ribs spread apart, air pressure inside the lungs increases or deceases?

A

Decreases

47
Q

Why is carbon monoxide deadly?

A

It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen.

48
Q

The type of adaptive immune response that involves secretion of antibodies into the blood and lymph by effector B cells. These antibodies fight bacteria and viruses in body fluids.

A

Humoral Immune Response

49
Q

The type of adaptive immune response that involves T cells, lymphocytes that fight body cells infected with pathogens. (Key word is “cell”)

A

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

50
Q

Effector T cells respond directly to antigens that have already entered body cells. True or false?

A

True

51
Q

Helper T cells bind to other white blood cells that have previously encountered an antigen

A

True

52
Q

What type of T cell does the HIV virus destroy specifically?

A

Helper T Cells

53
Q

Molecules that elicit a response from lymphocytes are called ________. Proteins secreted by the immune system that bind to theses molecules are called _________.

A

Antigens; antibodies

54
Q 
Classify each of the following immune system as being an innate or adaptive response:
A. Natural killer cells
B. Complement proteins
C. Antibodies
D. Inflammation
E. Interferons
F.  Cytotoxic T Cells
G. Helper T Cells
A 
A. Natural killer cells - Innate
B. Complement proteins - innate
C. Antibodies - Adaptive
D. Inflammation - Innate
E. Interferons - Innate
F.  Cytotoxic T Cells - Adaptive
G. Helper T Cells - Adaptive
55
Q

Which of the following bests describes the difference in the way B cells and T cells deal with invaders.

A

B cells send out antibodies that bind to invaders; T cells directly engage the invaders

56
Q

What makes a secondary immune response faster than a primary immune response

A

It takes several days for a clone of effector cells to be formed during the primary response. In a secondary response, memory cells can respond more quickly.

57
Q

Explain how each of the following characteristics of the inflammatory response elapsed protect the body: Swelling, pain, and fever.

A

Swelling dilutes toxics, delivers more oxygen, promotes scabbing; ain’t discourages behavior that could cause further damage; fever may inhibit bacterial growth

58
Q

Why is aids deadlier than most other viral diseases?

A

HIV destroys helper T cells, thereby impairing both the cell-mediated and the humoral immune response

59
Q

How does the autoimmune disease lupus affect the immune system?

A

In a person with lupus, the immune system makes antibodies against the person’s own (self) molecules.

60
Q

__________ is an inherited disease that:
(1) can lead to excessive, sometimes fatal, bleeding from even minor
cuts and bruises and
(2) is caused by a genetic mutation in one of several genes that produce clotting factors.

A

Hemophilia

61
Q

Cellular respiration uses __________ and __________ to produce energy- carrying ATP molecules. __________ and __________ are by-products of ATP production

A

Oxygen; glucose; water; carbon dioxide

62
Q

All working cells require a steady supply of __________ and must continuously dispose of __________.

A

O2; CO2

Biology (5 decks)

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