Chapter 24: Nutrition And metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
Nutrition
A
A substance that promotes normal growth, maintainance and repair
2
Q
6 major classes of nutrition
A
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamin minerals Water
3
Q
complex Carbohydrates are mostly
A
Starches
4
Q
Examples of complex carbohydrates
A
Bread Cereal Flour Pasta Nuts N potatoes
5
Q
Simple carbohydrates are mostly
A
Sugars
6
Q
Complex carbohydrates are found
A
In grains
7
Q
Found in soft drinks
A
Simple carbohydrates
8
Q
Examples of simple carbs
A
Candy
Fruits
Ice-cream
9
Q
Used by body cells to make ATP
A
Glucose
10
Q
Complex and simple carbs are
A
Converted to glucose and stored
11
Q
Glucose
A
Makes ATP
12
Q
Where does excess glucose go
A
It’s converted to glycogen or fat and stored
13
Q
How do cells makes ATP from ADP
A
They catabolic-ally destroy glucose
14
Q
ATP is made
A
From ADP
15
Q
The most abundant dietary lipids and triglycerides are found where
A
In both animals and plants
16
Q
Linoleic and linolenic acid
A
Essential fatty acids
17
Q
Found in vegetables
A
Linoleic and linolenic acid
18
Q
Can’t be produced
Must be ingested
A
Linolenic and linoleic acid
19
Q
Help body absorb vitamins
A
Dietary fats
20
Q
A major energy fuel of heoatocytes and skeletal muscle
A
Dietary fats
21
Q
Component of myelin sheath and all cell membranes
A
Dietary fats
22
Q
Lipids in adipose tissue provide
A
—A protective cushion around body organs
—An insulating later beneath skin
—An easy to store concentrated source of energy
23
Q
What enzymes break down lipids
A
Lipase
24
Q
What are the used for carbohydrates in body
A
Broken down to glucose through glycolysis, cellular resp and makes ATP
25
Functions in smooth muscle contraction, control blood pressure and inflammation
Prostaglandins
26
What stabilizes membranes
Cholesterol
27
A precursor of bile salts and steroids hormones
Cholesterol
28
Complete proteins
Meet all body’s amino acids needs
29
Found in eggs, milk, milk products, meat and fish
Complete proteins
30
Incomplete proteins
Does not have all 20 amino acids
31
Found in legumes
Incomplete proteins
32
Examples of incomplete proteins
Nuts, seeds, grains, vegetables
33
Proteins supply
Essential amino acids
| Nitrogen for non protein nitrogen-containing substances
34
Amino acids
Essential building blocks for nonessential amino acids
35
Non protein nitrogen containing substances
Nucleus acids
| ATP
36
T/F
| All amino acids are needed at the same time for orient synthesis
T
37
When all proteins must be present in order for synthesis to occur
All or none rule
38
Adequacy of caloric intake
Protein used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available
39
T/F
| You are always creating and destroying protein
T
40
T/F
| The rate of protein synthesis = the days of breakdown n loss
T
41
Nitrogen balance
Rate of protein synthesis = rate of breakdown and loss
42
What are four factors that facilitate protein synthesis
All or none rule
Adequacy of caloric intake
Nitrogen balance
Hormonal control
43
Hormonal control
Anabolic hormones accelerate protein synthesis
44
Positive nitrogen balance
Synthesis “exceeds breakdown”
Normal in children and tissue repair
ADDING ADDING ADDING
45
Negative nitrogen balance
Breakdown exceeds synthesis
46
Examples of negative nitrogen balance
```
Burns
Stress
Infection
And or
Injuries
```
47
Vitamins
Organic compounds needed for growth and good health
48
Functions as coenzymes
Vitamins
49
Vitamins synthesized in body
ONLY D, K and B
50
Vitamins made by bacteria in our guts
Must be ingested
51
Vitamins absorbed in the GI tract of digestive system
Water soluble vitamins
52
Example of water soluble vitamins
B-complex and C
53
Vitamins needed to make RBc and requires gastric intrigue factors to be absorbed
B12
54
Vitamins that bind to ingested lipids and anodized with their digested products
Fat soluble vitamins
55
Examples of fat soluble vitamins
A
F
E
And F
56
Vitamins that act in an antioxidant cascade
A
C
And E
57
Vitamin C
Helps with iron absorption and synthesis of collagen
Found in veggies
58
Vitamin A
Fat soluble vitamins found in carrots, spinach, good for eyes and is an antioxidant
59
Vitamin E
```
Found in spinach
Fat soluble
Woke grains
Wheat
Germ
Nuts
An antioxidant
```
60
Vitamin D
```
Milk
Egg yolk
Fish
Liver oils
Synthesized in skin bus UV light
Facilitate calcium absorption for bone and teeth
```
61
Antioxidants
Substances that inhibits oxidation
| Reduces damage due to oxygen
62
Minerals required in moderate amounts
```
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Sodium
Chloride
And magnesium
```
(ESSENTIAL MINERALS)
63
Cellular respiration
Food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP
64
Goal of cellular resp
Produce ATP from ADP
65
T/F
| Our cells make ATP from glucose
F
66
Anabolic reactions
Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
67
Catabolic reactions
Hydrolysis if complex structure into simpler ones
68
Anabolism
Synthesis
69
Catabolism
Hydrolysis
70
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
71
Glucose metabolism
Carbohydrates transformed into glucose
72
T/F We burn glucose
T
73
Burning to completion in the presence of oxygen
Combustion reaction
74
How do our cells utilize glucose to make ATP
Our cells burn glucose with combustion reaction
75
Cellular food
Glucose
76
Glycogenolysis
Breaking down glycogen
77
Braking down fat
Glyconolygenesis
78
What are the two electron carriers in cellular resp
NAD & FAD
79
What are the three pathways of cellular resp
Glycolysis
Krebs
Electron transport chain
80
Final products of glycolysis
2 pyruvic acid
2 NADH
2 FADH2
NET 2ATP
81
Glycolysis
Breaking down glucose to get 2 molecules of ATP
82
Where does Glycolysis happen
In cytoplasm
83
How many sugars are in glycolysis
3
84
If 02 is present pyruvic acid
Goes into mitochondrion
85
In no O2 then pyruvic acid
Converted to lactic acid
86
Lactic acidosis
Makes muscles tired and slow down
87
Reactant of glycolysis
1 Glucose
6C
2ATP
88
Products of glycolysis
3C
| 2 pyruvic acid
89
Is oxygen required?
No only to get pyruvic acid
90
Glycolysis produce
4 ATP but net 2
91
Transitional phase
Prep step
92
Reactants of transitional stage
2 pyruvic acid
93
Products of Prep step
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
| 2CO2 (1C)
94
T/F
| Co2 comes from Krebs n Transistional stage
T
95
Krebs cycle happen
In the mitochondrial matrix
96
Happens twice!
Krebs
97
Clean up phase
Succinic acid
98
T/F
| Oxygen is required for Krebs
T
99
Products of electron transport chain
High number of ATP
| Make 32
100
Carbohydrate metabolism
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP +heat
101
Glycolysis
C6H12O6 + 2ATP —> 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP
102
Krebs prep
2 pyruvic acid —> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2
103
Krebs
2 Acetyl CoA —> 2ATP + 4CO2
104
Electron transport chain
Up to 28-32 ATP
105
Prep step
NO ATP
