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Bio 107 > Chapter 24: Nutrition And metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Nutrition And metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

A substance that promotes normal growth, maintainance and repair

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2
Q

6 major classes of nutrition

A 
Carbohydrates 
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamin
minerals 
Water
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3
Q

complex Carbohydrates are mostly

A

Starches

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4
Q

Examples of complex carbohydrates

A 
Bread
Cereal
Flour
Pasta
Nuts
N potatoes
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5
Q

Simple carbohydrates are mostly

A

Sugars

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6
Q

Complex carbohydrates are found

A

In grains

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7
Q

Found in soft drinks

A

Simple carbohydrates

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8
Q

Examples of simple carbs

A

Candy
Fruits
Ice-cream

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9
Q

Used by body cells to make ATP

A

Glucose

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10
Q

Complex and simple carbs are

A

Converted to glucose and stored

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11
Q

Glucose

A

Makes ATP

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12
Q

Where does excess glucose go

A

It’s converted to glycogen or fat and stored

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13
Q

How do cells makes ATP from ADP

A

They catabolic-ally destroy glucose

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14
Q

ATP is made

A

From ADP

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15
Q

The most abundant dietary lipids and triglycerides are found where

A

In both animals and plants

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16
Q

Linoleic and linolenic acid

A

Essential fatty acids

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17
Q

Found in vegetables

A

Linoleic and linolenic acid

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18
Q

Can’t be produced

Must be ingested

A

Linolenic and linoleic acid

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19
Q

Help body absorb vitamins

A

Dietary fats

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20
Q

A major energy fuel of heoatocytes and skeletal muscle

A

Dietary fats

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21
Q

Component of myelin sheath and all cell membranes

A

Dietary fats

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22
Q

Lipids in adipose tissue provide

A

—A protective cushion around body organs
—An insulating later beneath skin
—An easy to store concentrated source of energy

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23
Q

What enzymes break down lipids

A

Lipase

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24
Q

What are the used for carbohydrates in body

A

Broken down to glucose through glycolysis, cellular resp and makes ATP

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25
Q

Functions in smooth muscle contraction, control blood pressure and inflammation

A

Prostaglandins

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26
Q

What stabilizes membranes

A

Cholesterol

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27
Q

A precursor of bile salts and steroids hormones

A

Cholesterol

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28
Q

Complete proteins

A

Meet all body’s amino acids needs

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29
Q

Found in eggs, milk, milk products, meat and fish

A

Complete proteins

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30
Q

Incomplete proteins

A

Does not have all 20 amino acids

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31
Q

Found in legumes

A

Incomplete proteins

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32
Q

Examples of incomplete proteins

A

Nuts, seeds, grains, vegetables

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33
Q

Proteins supply

A

Essential amino acids

Nitrogen for non protein nitrogen-containing substances

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34
Q

Amino acids

A

Essential building blocks for nonessential amino acids

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35
Q

Non protein nitrogen containing substances

A

Nucleus acids

ATP

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36
Q

T/F

All amino acids are needed at the same time for orient synthesis

A

T

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37
Q

When all proteins must be present in order for synthesis to occur

A

All or none rule

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38
Q

Adequacy of caloric intake

A

Protein used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available

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39
Q

T/F

You are always creating and destroying protein

A

T

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40
Q

T/F

The rate of protein synthesis = the days of breakdown n loss

A

T

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41
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Rate of protein synthesis = rate of breakdown and loss

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42
Q

What are four factors that facilitate protein synthesis

A

All or none rule
Adequacy of caloric intake
Nitrogen balance
Hormonal control

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43
Q

Hormonal control

A

Anabolic hormones accelerate protein synthesis

44
Q

Positive nitrogen balance

A

Synthesis “exceeds breakdown”

Normal in children and tissue repair

ADDING ADDING ADDING

45
Q

Negative nitrogen balance

A

Breakdown exceeds synthesis

46
Q

Examples of negative nitrogen balance

A 
Burns
Stress
Infection 
And or 
Injuries
47
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds needed for growth and good health

48
Q

Functions as coenzymes

A

Vitamins

49
Q

Vitamins synthesized in body

A

ONLY D, K and B

50
Q

Vitamins made by bacteria in our guts

A

Must be ingested

51
Q

Vitamins absorbed in the GI tract of digestive system

A

Water soluble vitamins

52
Q

Example of water soluble vitamins

A

B-complex and C

53
Q

Vitamins needed to make RBc and requires gastric intrigue factors to be absorbed

A

B12

54
Q

Vitamins that bind to ingested lipids and anodized with their digested products

A

Fat soluble vitamins

55
Q

Examples of fat soluble vitamins

A

A
F
E
And F

56
Q

Vitamins that act in an antioxidant cascade

A

A
C
And E

57
Q

Vitamin C

A

Helps with iron absorption and synthesis of collagen

Found in veggies

58
Q

Vitamin A

A

Fat soluble vitamins found in carrots, spinach, good for eyes and is an antioxidant

59
Q

Vitamin E

A 
Found in spinach
Fat soluble 
Woke grains
Wheat
Germ 
Nuts 
An antioxidant
60
Q

Vitamin D

A 
Milk
Egg yolk
Fish
Liver oils
Synthesized in skin bus UV light
Facilitate calcium absorption for bone and teeth
61
Q

Antioxidants

A

Substances that inhibits oxidation

Reduces damage due to oxygen

62
Q

Minerals required in moderate amounts

A 
Calcium 
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Sodium
Chloride
And magnesium

(ESSENTIAL MINERALS)

63
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP

64
Q

Goal of cellular resp

A

Produce ATP from ADP

65
Q

T/F

Our cells make ATP from glucose

A

F

66
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones

67
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Hydrolysis if complex structure into simpler ones

68
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis

69
Q

Catabolism

A

Hydrolysis

70
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

71
Q

Glucose metabolism

A

Carbohydrates transformed into glucose

72
Q

T/F We burn glucose

A

T

73
Q

Burning to completion in the presence of oxygen

A

Combustion reaction

74
Q

How do our cells utilize glucose to make ATP

A

Our cells burn glucose with combustion reaction

75
Q

Cellular food

A

Glucose

76
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breaking down glycogen

77
Q

Braking down fat

A

Glyconolygenesis

78
Q

What are the two electron carriers in cellular resp

A

NAD & FAD

79
Q

What are the three pathways of cellular resp

A

Glycolysis
Krebs
Electron transport chain

80
Q

Final products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvic acid
2 NADH
2 FADH2

NET 2ATP

81
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaking down glucose to get 2 molecules of ATP

82
Q

Where does Glycolysis happen

A

In cytoplasm

83
Q

How many sugars are in glycolysis

A

3

84
Q

If 02 is present pyruvic acid

A

Goes into mitochondrion

85
Q

In no O2 then pyruvic acid

A

Converted to lactic acid

86
Q

Lactic acidosis

A

Makes muscles tired and slow down

87
Q

Reactant of glycolysis

A

1 Glucose
6C
2ATP

88
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

3C

2 pyruvic acid

89
Q

Is oxygen required?

A

No only to get pyruvic acid

90
Q

Glycolysis produce

A

4 ATP but net 2

91
Q

Transitional phase

A

Prep step

92
Q

Reactants of transitional stage

A

2 pyruvic acid

93
Q

Products of Prep step

A

2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

2CO2 (1C)

94
Q

T/F

Co2 comes from Krebs n Transistional stage

A

T

95
Q

Krebs cycle happen

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

96
Q

Happens twice!

A

Krebs

97
Q

Clean up phase

A

Succinic acid

98
Q

T/F

Oxygen is required for Krebs

A

T

99
Q

Products of electron transport chain

A

High number of ATP

Make 32

100
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP +heat

101
Q

Glycolysis

A

C6H12O6 + 2ATP —> 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP

102
Q

Krebs prep

A

2 pyruvic acid —> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2

103
Q

Krebs

A

2 Acetyl CoA —> 2ATP + 4CO2

104
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Up to 28-32 ATP

105
Q

Prep step

A

NO ATP

Bio 107 (3 decks)

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