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Genetics- Katie > Chapter 24 lecture 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 lecture 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Discontinuous (Qualitative)

A

traits possess only a few phenotypes (e.g red or white)

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2
Q

Continuous (Quantitative)

A

characteristics vary along a scale of measurement with many overlapping phenotypes (e.g. hair or skin color)

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3
Q

GWAS (Genome Wide Association Study)

A

an examination of many common genetic variants in different individuals to see it any variant is associated (Co-segregates) with a trait

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4
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

occurs when one characteristic is controlled by 2 or more genes. often the genes are large in quantity but small in effect
ex. of human polygenic inheritance = height, skin color, and weight

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5
Q

DNase I hypersensitivity

A

DNASe I hypersensitive site: more open chromatin configuration site, upstream of the transcription start site

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6
Q

Histone modification

A
  • addition of methyl groups to the histone protein tails

- addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins

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7
Q

Chromatin remodeling complexes

A

reposition the nucleosomes, allowing transcription factors and RNA polymerase to bind to promotors and initiate transcription

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8
Q

Acetylation of Histones

A
  • Typically loosens DNA to make more Accessible

permits some transcription factors to bind to DNA

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9
Q

Methylation of Histone

A
  • tends to make gene inactive

histones are bound tigher

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10
Q

Transcriptional activator proteins

A

bind to sites on DNA and stimulate transcription

  • most act by stimulating or stabilizing the assembly of the basal transcription apparatus
  • mediator
  • regulation of galactose metabolism through GAL4
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11
Q

What activates and controls transcription of galactose metabolism?

A

GAL4
1. no galactose? GAL80 blocks GAL4
2. Yes Galactose? GAL4 interacts with basal transcription apparatus and stimulates transcription
how? Galactose binds to GAL3 and changes conformation of GAL80

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12
Q

Transcriptional Repressors

A

bind to silencers!

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13
Q

Enhancer

A

DNA sequence stimulating transcription from a distance away from promotor

  • nontraditional promotor
  • Bends DNA to make it available for transcription
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14
Q

Insulator

A

DNA sequence that blocks or insulates the effect of enhancers

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15
Q

Most transcriptional activator proteins affect transcription by interacting with _____.

a. introns
b. the basal transcription apparatus
c. DNA polymerase
d. nucleosomes

A

b. the basal transcription apparatus

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16
Q

Metallothionein (MT)

A

family of cysteine-rich, low molecular proteins with the capacity to bind both physiological (zinc, copper, selenium) and xenophobic ( cadmium, mercury, arsenic, silver) heavy metals

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17
Q

Multiple Response Elements (MREs)

A

found in the upstream region of the metallothionein gene

- activator proteins bind to several MREs and stimulate transcription in response to heavy metals

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18
Q

What are some examples of response elements found in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • heat-shock element (response to heat and other stress)
  • GLucocorticoid response element ( responds to glucocorticoids)
  • Phorbol ester response element (phorbal esters)
  • serum response element (serum)
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19
Q

T/F Genes can be regulated by splicing?

A

True!
Alternative splicing - every category of cancer hallmarks
VEGF alternative spicing - regulates angiogenesis in tumor cells

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20
Q

What does RNA slicing lead to?

A

degradation of mRNA or to the inhibition of translation or transcription

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21
Q

RNA cleavage

A

RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) containing an siRNA pair with mRNA molecules and cleavage to the mRNA

22
Q

Transcriptional silencing

A

altering chromatin structure

23
Q

In RNA silencing, siRNAs and miRNAs usually bind to which part of the mRNA molecules that they control?

a. 5’ UTR
b. the segment that encodes amino acids
c. 3’ poly (A) tail
d. 3’ UTR

A

d. 3’ UTR

mostly where small RNAs bind
way of controlling amount of message in a cell.
- has to confer some advantage because maintained throughout all eukaryotes

24
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

deals with phenotypes that vary continuously (in characters such as height or mass)

25
Q

Relationship between genotype and phenotype quantitative continuous) characteristics

A
  • exhibit complex relationship between genotype and phenotype
  • are likely polygenic
  • may have environmental influences
  • phenotypic ranges may overlap
  • cannot use standard methods to analyze
26
Q

Meristic characteristics

A

type of quantitative characteristic (continuous)

  • determined by multiple genetic and environmental factors, and can be measured in whole numbers
    i. e. animal littler size
27
Q

Threshold characteristics

A

type of quantitative characteristic (continuous)
- measured by presence or absence
susceptibility to disease
- only 2 possible phenotypes (trait is present: yes or no)
- when reach threshold value the trait is expressed

28
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A
  • refers to quantitative (continuous) characteristics controlled by cumulative effect of many genes
  • each character still follows Mendel’s rules
  • may be influenced by environmental factors
29
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of interest

- all members of a particular group

30
Q

sample

A

small collection of individuals from the population

- a subset of the population that should be representative of the larger population

31
Q

frequency distribution

A
  • graph that displays the number or proportion of different phenotypes
  • phenotypic values are plotted on the horizontal axis, and the numbers (or proportions) of individuals in each class are plotted on the vertical axis
32
Q

Normal distribution

A

bell shaped curve

33
Q

skewed distribution

A

happens when more of 1 X gets inactivated

- the tail of one end is expressed more

34
Q

Bimodal distribution

A

have a distribution but individuals may fall into more than 1 category

35
Q

A geneticist is interested in whether asthma is caused by a mutation in DC112 gene. the geneticist collects DNA from 120 people with asthma and 100 healthy people and sequenced their DNA. She finds that 35 of the people with asthma have a mutation in the DS112 gene. What is the population in this study?

a. the 120 people with asthma
b. the 100 healthy people
c. the 35 people with a mutation in their gene
d. all people with asthma

A

d. All people with asthma

36
Q

mean

A

the average of a set of values

- provide info about the center of a distribution

37
Q

variance

A

the variability of a group of measurements
- provides info about variability of a group of phenotypes
- the greater the variance, the more spread out the distribution is about the mean
or how broad the tails are

38
Q

standard deviation

A

the square root of the variance
- the proportions of a normal distribution occupied by plus or minus 1,2, and 3 standard deviations from the mean
1 = 66%, 2 95% 3 99%

39
Q

the measurements of a distribution with a higher ____ will be more spread out.

a. mean
b. variance
c. standard deviation
d. both b and c - since the 2 are related

A

d. both b and c since the two are related

40
Q

Correlation

A

when two characteristics are correlated, a change in one characteristic is likely to be associated with a change in the other
- does NOT demonstrate a cause-and-effect relation . it simply means that a change in a variable is associated with a proportional change in the other variable

41
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measure of the strength of association

  • describes the relation between two or more variables
  • the stronger the correlation the bigger the number until you get to 1, which is perfect
42
Q

Positive correlation

A

there is a direct association between variables
- they both increase
- strong positive is almost a straight line
weak positive is when there is a spread out cluster of points

43
Q

Negative correlation

A

indicated that there is an inverse association between variables
- as one increases the other decreases

44
Q

correlation of zero

A

there is no association between variable

45
Q

regression

A

predicting the value of one variable, if the value of the other is given
ex. biomarkers (heart attack proteins if there then assumes to have had one)

46
Q

regression coefficient

A

represents the slope of the regression line, indicating how much one value changes on average per increase in the value of another variable

47
Q

regression line

A

defines the relation between two variable

- the line that best fits all the points on the graph

48
Q

In lubbock, Texas rainfall and temperature exhibit a significant correlation of -0.7. which conclusion is correct?

a. there is usually more rainfall when the temperature is high.
b. there is usually more rainfall when the temperature is low
c. rainfall is equally likely when the temperature is high or low

A

b. there is usually more rainfall when the temperature is low

so as temp goes down rainfall goes up. so a negative correlation

49
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of the total phenotypic variation that is due to genetic difference

50
Q

briefly explain how the number of genes influencing a polygenic trait can be determined?

A

cross two individuals that are each homozygous for different genes affecting the traits and then intercross the resulting F1 progeny to produce F2. determine what proportion of the F2 progeny resembles one of the original homozygotes in the P generation. this proportion should be (1/4)^n wheren equals the number og loci with a segregating pair of alleles that affect the characteristics

51
Q

phenotypic variance

A

due to genetic factors and how much is due to environmental factors

52
Q

if the environmental variance (Ve) increases and all other variance components remain the same, what will the effect be?

a. broad- sense heritability will decrease
b. broad sense heritability will increase
c. narrow-sense heritability will increase
d. broad-sense heritability will increase, and narrow-sense heritability will increase

A

a. broad- sense heritability will decrease

Genetics- Katie (15 decks)

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