Chapter 24 - Evaluation And Treatment Of Visual Deficits After Brain Injury

Question 1

Ability to manipulate, visual input and integrate vision with other sensory info to gain knowledge, solve problems, formulate plans, and make decisions.

Answer 1

Visual cognition

Question 2

Pattern recognition cannot be accomplished without what next process?

Answer 2

Visual scanning

Question 3

Visual cognition cannot occur without the support of?

Answer 3

Visual memory

Question 4

Mental manipulation of visual input requires the ability to create, retrain, and recall memories of images to use for comparison during visual analysis.

Answer 4

Visual memory

Question 5

To store and access images in memory, the person must recognize?

Answer 5

The pattern making up the image

Question 6

What is organized scanning of the visual array also called?

Answer 6

Visual scanning

Question 7

Visual scanning or search is actually an expression of?

Answer 7

Visual attention

Question 8

Visual search occurs on what two levels?

Answer 8

Reflexive/automatic level and voluntary level

Question 9

A person who does not attend to visual information will not be able to do what?

Answer 9

Anything prior to visual attention.. such as unable to initiate search for visual information, not be able to determine pattern recognition, or use visual memory

Question 10

What are the 3 primary visual functions that ensure the brain receives high quality visual input?

Answer 10

Oculomotor control, visual field, visual acuity

Question 11

Enables eye movement to be completed quickly and accurately and keeps the image focused on the fovea to ensure it can be clearly seen

Answer 11

Oculomotor control

Question 12

If brain injury impairs a lower level process or function is the process above or below compromised?

Answer 12

Above

Question 13

What are the two most vision dependent daily activities?

Answer 13

Reading and driving

Question 14

Example for increasing the contrast of key components of the task and environment

Answer 14

1. Using a black cup for milk and white cup for coffee.
2. Color can be added to the object when color cannot be changed. (Adding a bright strip with stairs)

Question 15

Examples of reducing or eliminating any background pattern

Answer 15

Using solid colors on backgrounds surfaces such as bedspreads, place mates, etc can increase the visibility of objects placed on them

Question 16

Example of enlarge critical features of objects and environments

Answer 16

Increasing the size of a feature or object
Increasing the text size
Contrast should be considered and changed if needed

Question 17

Example of providing adequate and good quality illumination

Answer 17

1. Lightning should be strategically placed to provide illumination

Question 18

Good acuity facilitates..

Answer 18

Information processing and decision making

Question 19

How is visual acuity measured?

Answer 19

Person identifying progressively smaller optotypes on a chart at a specific distance.

Question 20

Hyperopia is also called? And what does it cause?

Answer 20

Farsightedness and causes for objects to be blurry when near the retina

Question 21

Myopia is also called? And what does it cause?

Answer 21

Nearsightedness and causes for objects to appear blurry when far away from retina

Question 22

What are the three most common optical defects affecting acuity?

Answer 22

Myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia

Question 23

Astigmatism causes what? And at what distance?

Answer 23

Causes blurry vision at close or far distance

Question 24

Damage to the central retina diminishes?

Answer 24

Both high and low contrast visual acuity, impairing accurate identification of objects

Question 25

Two eye diseases that damage the photoreceptor cells in the central visual field

Answer 25

Age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy

Question 26

What is the most common cause of optic nerve damage in brain injury?

Answer 26

Trauma

Question 27

What are the two common neurologic disease that damage the optic nerve?

Answer 27

Glaucoma and optic neuritis

Question 28

Neurologic disease that affects the peripheral visual field first and may progress into the central field, reducing visual acuity

Answer 28

Glaucoma

Question 29

Neurologic disease that can cause reduced visual acuity and color vision, visual field deficit, orbital pain, dulled vision, and sensitivity to light

Answer 29

Optic neuritis

Question 30

Optic neuritis is also found in what other neurological disease?

Answer 30

Multiple sclerosis

Question 31

Damage to posterior cortical processing causes what?

Answer 31

Blurred vision, reduced contrast sensitivity, a perception of dark or dim vision, light sensitivity, and reduced dark adaption.

Question 32

Central field impairment affect?

Answer 32

The ability to discriminate small visual details and to distinguish contrast and color

Question 33

Peripheral field deficits impair?

Answer 33

The ability to locate landmarks and obstacles, accurately detect motion, and maintain orientation in the environment.

Question 34

Which field impairment affect a persons mobility? Central field or peripheral field?

Answer 34

Peripheral field

Question 35

What is the purpose of Oculomotor function?

Answer 35

Purpose is to achieve and maintain foveation of an object

Question 36

Another function of Oculomotor?

Answer 36

Provide binocular vision

Question 37

What is the process of combining two visual images into one?

Answer 37

Sensory fusion

Question 38

In paralytic strabismus the eye is affected how?

Answer 38

Unable to move in the direction of the paretic muscles which distrusts the ability of the eyes must always move together

Question 39

What is a primary characteristic of CN lesions?

Answer 39

Diplopia

Question 40

What does diplopia creates?

Answer 40

Creates a perceptual distortion ad performance limitations

Question 41

Most common identified focusing disorder is?

Answer 41

Convergence insufficiency

Question 42

What occurs with convergence insufficiency?

Answer 42

Client have difficult obtaining or sustaining adequate focus during near vision tasks. Complain of fatigue, pain, or headache.

Question 43

Oculomotor impairments also occur in what other neurological diseases?

Answer 43

Parkinson’s, MS, Alzheimer