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Chapter 24 - Endocrine System and Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

nervous and endocrine system can be referred as

A

neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

study of the endocrine system

A

endocrinology

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3
Q

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and are ductless glands

A

endocrine glands

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4
Q

secrete the products into ducts that open to body cavities, center of a hollow organ, or onto the surface of the body

A

exocrine glands

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5
Q

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes –> what type of glands of the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands

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6
Q

sudoferous glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands –> what type of glands of the endocrine system?

A

exocrine glands

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7
Q

hormone production/secretion, metabolism regulation, stress adaptation, chemical composition/fluid volume regulation, and reproductive process regulation –> functions of what system?

A

endocrine system

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8
Q

chemical messengers that regulate physiologic activity of other cells

A

hormones

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9
Q

possess receptors for the corresponding hormone

A

target cells

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10
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones, especially cortisol
which hormone?
which gland?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
anterior pituitary

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11
Q

maintains sodium levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

aldosterone
adrenal cortex

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12
Q

decreases urine production and raises BP
which hormone?
which gland?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
posterior pituitary

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13
Q

decreases blood calcium levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

calcitonin (CT)
thyroid

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14
Q

helps ensure glucose, lipids, and amino acids are available for energy during times of stress
which hormone?
which gland?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)
adrenal cortex

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15
Q

enhances and prolongs sympathetic arousal
which hormone?
which gland?

A

epinephrine
adrenal medulla

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16
Q

development of female secondary sex characteristics
which hormone?
which gland?

A

estrogens
ovaries

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17
Q

females - stimulates estrogen production and ovarian follicle development
males - stimulates sperm production

which hormone?
which gland?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
anterior pituitary

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18
Q

increases blood glucose levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

glucagon
pancreas (alpha cells)

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19
Q

stimulates protein synthesis for muscle and bone growth, maintenance, and repair
which hormone?
which gland?

A

growth hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary

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20
Q

decreases blood glucose levels
which hormone?
which gland?

A

insulin
pancreas (beta cells)

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21
Q

females - stimulates the release of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum
males - stimulates testosterone production
which hormone?
which gland?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)
anterior pituitary

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22
Q

increases skin pigmentation
which hormone?
which gland?

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
intermediate pituitary

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23
Q

controls biorhythms or body’s 24-hour cycle
which hormone?
which gland?

A

melatonin
pineal

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24
Q

enhances and prolongs sympathetic arousal
which hormone?
which gland?

A

norepinephrine
adrenal medulla

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25
Q

stimulates uterine contractions and milk expression from mammary glands
which hormone?
which gland?

A

oxytocin
posterior pituitary

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26
Q

increases blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone
parathryoids

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27
Q

maintains the uterine lining for implantation and pregnancy

A

progesterone
ovaries and placenta

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28
Q

stimulates milk production from mammary glands

A

prolactin
anterior pituitary

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29
Q

regulates metabolism

A

T3 + T4
thyroid

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30
Q

promotes male secondary sex characteristics, libido, and sperm production

A

testosterone
testes

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31
Q

stimulates T-cell maturation

A

thymopoietin and thymosin
thymus

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32
Q

stimulates the thyroid to synthesize and secrete its hormones

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
anterior pituitary

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33
Q

local hormones produced by many tissues and act on nearby cells

A

prostaglandins

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34
Q

response of an endocrine gland to a stimulus that moves hormone levels in the opposite (negative) direction

A

negative feedback

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35
Q

hormonal release from another endocrine gland

A

hormonal regulation

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36
Q

hormones that stimulate the activity of other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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37
Q

hormone release stimulated by nerve impulses

A

neural regulation

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38
Q

located in diencephalon and secretes that stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

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39
Q

located in the diencephalon region and lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

A

pituitary gland

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40
Q

a stalk like structure that extends from the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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41
Q

allows hypothalamic hormones to travel directly to the anterior pituitary without traveling through the systemic circuit of blood flow

A

anterior lobe or adenohypophysis

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42
Q

how is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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43
Q

communicates with the hypothalamus by nerve impulses and regulates hormonal activity

A

posterior lobe = neurohypophysis

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44
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones, especially cortisol
which hormone?
which gland?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
anterior pituitary

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45
Q

stimulates protein synthesis for muscle and bone growth, maintenance, and repair
which hormone?
which gland?

A

growth hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary

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46
Q

stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones, especially thyroxine
which hormone?
which gland?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
anterior pituitary

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47
Q

females –> stimulates estrogen production and development of ovarian follicles
males –> stimulates testosterone production and sperm production in the testes

which hormone?
which gland?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
anterior pituitary

48
Q

females –> stimulates the release of estrogens and progesterone ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum within the ovaries
males –> stimulates testosterone production within the testes

which hormone?
which gland?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)
anterior pituitary

49
Q

FSH and LH are collectively called ____?

A

gonadotropins

50
Q

promotes lactation or milk production in the mammary glands located in the breasts
which hormone?
which gland?

A

prolactin
anterior pituitary

51
Q

increases melanin production and hyperpigmentation
which hormone?
which gland?

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone
anterior pituitary

52
Q

decreases urine production by stimulating the kidneys to absorb more water
which hormone?
which gland?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
posterior pituitary

53
Q

stimulates uterine contractions in pregnancy, labor, and delivery
which hormone?
which gland?

A

oxytocin (OT)
posterior pituitary

54
Q

small pine nut-shaped structure located behind the pituitary gland between the two cerebral hemispheres int he diencephalon region

A

pineal gland

55
Q

regulate other hormones and maintain the body’s circadian rhythm
which hormone?
which gland?

56
Q

located inferior to the larynx and anterolateral to the trachea

57
Q

how is the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?

58
Q

regulate metabolism, growth, and development
which hormone?
which gland?

A

T3 and T4
thyroid gland

59
Q

T3 and T4 collectively called ___?

A

thyroid hormones (TH)

60
Q

decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblastic activity
which hormone?
which gland?

A

calcitonin (CT)
thyroid hormones

61
Q

located on the posterolateral surfaces of the thyroid lobes

A

parathyroids

62
Q

hormones that increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclastic activity

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

63
Q

located superior to each kidney

64
Q

outer region of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex

65
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids

A

outer zone

66
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids

A

middle zone

67
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces gonadocorticoids

A

inner zone

68
Q

hormone that activates antistress and anti-inflammatory pathways

69
Q

hormone that stabilizes blood pressure, conserves sodium, excretes potassium, and increases water retention

A

aldosterone

70
Q

the inner region of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal medulla

71
Q

2 types of medullary hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

72
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are called ____?

A

neurohormones

73
Q

enhances and prolongs the physiologic effects of stress

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

74
Q

specialized cells secreted by endocrine functions

A

pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans

75
Q

3 types of pancreatic cells

A

alpha
beta
delta

76
Q

pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

77
Q

pancreatic cells that secrete insulin

A

beta cells

78
Q

pancreatic cells that secrete somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptides

A

delta cells

79
Q

hormone that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the releases of glycogen from the liver

80
Q

hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver, skeletal muscle, and fat cells to absorb glucose from the blood

81
Q

almond-shaped glands located in the abdominopelvic region of the female body

82
Q

secrete progesterone and estrogen

83
Q

hormone that facilitates sexual reproduction and childbirth

84
Q

hormone that suppresses the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary after ovulation

85
Q

hormone that is responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics

86
Q

a pregnancy-promoting hormone that maintains the endometrium and inhibits uterine contractions

A

progesterone

87
Q

oval glands located in the male scrotum

88
Q

scattered between testicular tubules

A

interstitial cells of Leydig

89
Q

main testicular hormone

A

testosterone

90
Q

hormone that stimulates sperm production and is the responsible for development of male secondary sex characteristics

A

testosterone

91
Q

stimulates the production of RBCs in bone marrow
which hormone?
which organ?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)
kidneys

92
Q

increases blood pressure by restoring pressure needed to filter blood
which hormone?
which organ?

A

resin
kidneys

93
Q

stimulates the development of T cell
which hormone?
which organ?

A

thymosin
thymus

94
Q

stimulates lymphocyte production (B cells and T cells differentiation)
which hormone?
which organ?

A

thymopoietin
thymus

95
Q

donut-shaped gland that lies beneath the male urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra

96
Q

flattened organ located in the pregnant uterus that secretes estrogens and progesterone

97
Q

indicates pregnancy and may have an anti-antibody effect by decreasing lymphocyte activity
which hormone?
which organ?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
placenta

98
Q

promote growth of the mammary glands within the breasts in preparation for lactation
which hormone?
where is it located?

A

placental lactogens
placenta

99
Q

facilitates relaxation of the uterine wall to reduce the risk of this hormone to help the cervix relax and dilate
which hormone?
where is it located?

A

relaxin
placenta

100
Q

initiates the secretion of gastic juices
which hormone?
where is it located?

A

gastrin
GI mucosa

101
Q

stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme emissions into the small intestines
which hormone?
where is it located?

A

cholecystokinin
GI mucosa

102
Q

stimulates pancreas to secrete an alkaline liquid that neutralizes acidic chyme
which hormone?
where is it located?

A

secretin
GI mucosa

103
Q

stimulates appetite and known as the “hunger hormone”
which hormone?
where is it located?

A

ghrelin
GI mucosa

104
Q

inhibits gastric secretion and potentials the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels
which hormone?
where is it located?

A

gastric inhibitory polypeptide
GI mucosa

105
Q

fat cells

A

adipocytes

106
Q

plays in metabolism and energy regulation by inhibiting hunger
which hormone?
produced by?

A

leptin
adipocytes

107
Q

increases blood sugar levels by causing body tissues less sensitive to insulin
which hormone?
produced by?

A

resistin
adipocytes

108
Q

when the pressure-sensitive receptors in the atrium become overstretched, a hormone triggers the kidneys to increase urine production and decrease blood pressure.
which hormone?
which organ?

A

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
heart

109
Q

group of diseases characterized by chronic elevated blood glucose levels and disturbances in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism

A

diabetes mellitus

110
Q

pancreatic beta cells are damaged or destroyed, which creates a lack of insulin

A

diabetes mellitus type 1

111
Q

pancreatic beta cells produce insulin but the cells are resistant to it

A

diabetes mellitus type 2

112
Q

an enlargement of the thyroid gland that may occur in puberty or during pregnancy

113
Q

how should you massage individuals with goiter

A

avoid pressure over the anterior neck

114
Q

underactive thyroid gland leading to a thyroid hormone deficiency

A

Hashimoto disease

115
Q

how should you massage individuals with Hashimoto disease?

A

avoid pressure over anterior neck
frail clients –> fewer changes in body positions and less pressure and slower speed
robust clients –> no change
use emollient lubricant for dry skin

Massage Therapy (4 decks)

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