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Massage Therapy > Chapter 20 - Muscular System and Pathologies > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Muscular System and Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of muscular system?

A

myology

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2
Q

What are the important functions of the muscular system?

A

movement, posture maintenance, and heat production

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3
Q

What is posture?

A

body positions maintained by muscle contractions

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4
Q

What is a muscle tone or tonus?

A

continuous and partial contraction of skeletal muscles

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5
Q

What is it called when the skeletal muscles are the most metabolically in the body and produce a significant amount of heat?

A

thermogenesis

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6
Q

What is another term for muscle cells?

A

muscle fibers

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7
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

cell membrane surrounding muscle fibers

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8
Q

What are the folds in the sarcolemma?

A

motor end plates

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9
Q

What is the intracellular fluid within the muscle fibers?

A

sarcoplasm

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10
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

thousands of slender strands in muscle fibers

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11
Q

What are the basic units of muscle contraction?

A

sarcomeres

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12
Q

What borders each sarcomere?

A

Z lines (or Z discs)

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13
Q

What type of filaments are made of three proteins: actin, tropomyosin, troponin?

A

thin filaments

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14
Q

What type of filaments are made up of entirely of myosin?

A

thick filaments

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15
Q

What is also called a striated muscle?

A

skeletal muscle

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16
Q

What are the combination of thin filaments and Z lines?

A

I bands

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17
Q

What is the center of a sarcomere containing only thick filaments and devoid of thin filaments?

A

H zone

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18
Q

Which band runs the entire length of thick filaments?

A

A bands

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19
Q

What surrounds the myofibril within muscle fibers?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What are the indentations on the sarcoplasmic reticulum that travel deep into the muscle fibers?

A

transverse tubules (T tubules)

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21
Q

What are the individual muscle fibers that is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue?

A

endomysium

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22
Q

What are fasciculi?

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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23
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle?

A

perimysium

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24
Q

What is an epimysium?

A

groups of fasciculi surrounded by connective tissue

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25
Q

What is a broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone, muscle to other muscle, or muscle to skin?

A

aponeurosis

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26
Q

What are brands of connective tissue that act like bracelets to stabilize tendons and keep them in place?

A

retinacula

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27
Q

Where in the body can retinacula be found?

A

elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists

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28
Q

What is the term for the tendinous attachments on the less moveable boned during muscle contraction?

A

origins

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29
Q

What is the term for the tendinous attachments on the more moveable bone during muscle contraction?

A

insertions

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30
Q

What occurs when muscles reverse their relationship between attachment sites and muscle origins move toward their insertions?

A

functional reversibility

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31
Q

What generates tension in muscle fibers through cross bridging between actin and myosin filaments?

A

muscle contraction

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32
Q

What are the intersections between motor neuron and muscle fibers?

A

neuromuscular junction

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33
Q

What are the three main parts of the neuromuscular junction?

A

motor end plate, terminal end of the motor neuron, and synaptic gap

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34
Q

What is composed of folded sections of sarcolemma?

A

motor end plate

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35
Q

What transmits impulses from the nervous system to muscle fibers?

A

the terminal end of the motor neuron

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36
Q

What is the space between the motor neuron and the motor end plate?

A

synaptic gap or synapse

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37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that is released from the motor neuron’s synaptic vesicle and involved in muscle contraction?

A

acetylocholine (ACh)

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38
Q

When mysoin heads attach to actin, what occurs in the gap between the myosin and actin?

A

cross bridging

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39
Q

What needs to be present for cross bridging to occur?

A

calcium

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40
Q

What is the excitation of the motor end plate and contraction?

A

excitation-contraction coupling

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41
Q

What are the steps for muscle contraction?

A
  1. cross bridging
  2. power stroke
  3. detachment
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42
Q

What needs to be present to detach the myosin heads from the actin?

A

ATP

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43
Q

What is a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it stimualtes?

A

motor unit

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44
Q

What is the principle stating if a muscle fiber fails to receive stimulus to contract, the muscle fibers will remain at its resting length?

A

all-or-none law (or all-or-none response)

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45
Q

What is the process of motor unit activation based on need?

A

recruitment

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46
Q

What are the three main sources of energy for muscle contraction?

A

adenosine triphosphate, glucose, and oxygen

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47
Q

Where is ATP produced by?

A

mitchondria

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48
Q

What is the red respiratory pigment that stores oxygen?

A

myoglobin

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49
Q

During rest, where is the oxygen stored and located?

A

stored in myoglobin, which is located in the sarcoplasm until it is needed

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50
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

glycolysis

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51
Q

Where is the excess of glucose stored as?

A

glycogen

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52
Q

When blood glucose is low and need ATP, what do the muscles convert glycogen into?

A

glucose

53
Q

What is the breakdown of glucose?

A

glycolysis

54
Q

What are the two stages of glycolysis:

A

Anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis

55
Q

Which stage of glycolysis doesn’t need oxygen and produces lactic acid?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

56
Q

Which stage of glycolysis requires oxygen to be delivered?

A

aerobic glycolysis

57
Q

What is the amount of oxygen gained by heavy breathing to process the lactic acid produced during physical activity?

A

oxygen debt

58
Q

What is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force?

A

muscle fatigue

59
Q

What are the two types of structural classifications of muscle fibers?

A

type 1 and type 2 muscles

60
Q

Which type of muscles have a deeper red appearance?

A

type 1

61
Q

Which type of muscles contain less amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria?

A

type 2

62
Q

What are the muscles called when they have deeper red appearance?

A

red muscles

63
Q

What are the muscles called when they have a lighter color?

A

white muscles

64
Q

What are the two types of functional classifications of muscle fibers?

A

slow twitch and fast twitch muscles

65
Q

Type 1 muscle or red muscles are also classified as?

A

slow twitch muscles

66
Q

Type 2 muscle or white muscles are also classified as?

A

fast twitch muscles

67
Q

What are two types of skeletal muscle contractions?

A

isotonic and isometric

68
Q

Which type of muscle contraction has the same tension, but changes in length?

A

isotonic

69
Q

Which type of muscle contraction has the same length, but changes in tension?

A

isometric

70
Q

What are two types of isotonic contractions?

A

concentric and eccentric contractions

71
Q

Which type of isotonic contraction shortens the muscle?

A

concentric contraction

72
Q

Which type of isotonic contraction lengthens the muscle?

A

eccentric contraction

72
Q

Which type of isotonic contraction lengthens the muscle?

A

eccentric contraction

73
Q

What type of muscle contraction that doesn’t involve any movements?

A

static contraction

74
Q

What are 4 ways that muscles can be classified by?

A

shape
actions they provide
number of joints they cross
lever system

75
Q

What are the three parts of the lever system?

A

load, pull, and fulcrum

76
Q

What are the three classes of lever systems?

A

Class 1 Lever
Class 2 Lever
Class 3 Lever

77
Q

Which class lever has the fulcrum positioned between the load and pull?

A

class 1 lever

78
Q

Which class lever has the pull at one end, load in the middle, and the fulcrum at the opposite end?

A

class 2 lever

79
Q

Which class lever has the load at one end, the pull in the middle, and the fulcrum at the opposite end?

A

class 3 lever

80
Q

What is the load?

A

weight of the body or object to be moved

81
Q

What is the pull?

A

the effort or muscle contraction needed to move the bone or lever

82
Q

What is the fulcrum?

A

the joint

83
Q

What are types of shapes muscles can be classified as?

A

parallel/fusiform
convergent
spiral
circular
pennate

84
Q

What muscle shape has fibers arranged along the long axis of the bone?

A

parallel or fusiform

85
Q

What is an example of a parallel/fusiform muscle?

A

rectus abdominis

86
Q

Which muscle shape has fibers joining at one end with fibers spreading out like a fan at the other end?

A

convergent

87
Q

What is an example of convergent muscle?

A

pectoralis major

88
Q

Which muscle shape has a twist between their points of attachment?

A

spiral

89
Q

What is an example of a spiral muscle?

A

latissimus dorsi

90
Q

Which muscle shape has a rounded fiber arrangement?

A

circular

91
Q

What is an example of a circular muscle?

A

orbicularis oculi

92
Q

Which muscle shape has muscle fibers emerging diagonally from one or more central tendons?

A

pennate

93
Q

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

A

unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

94
Q

Which pennate muscle has fibers coming off one side of a tendon?

A

unipennate muscles

95
Q

Which pennate muscle has fibers arranged on both sides of a tendon?

A

bipennate muscles

96
Q

Which pennate muscle has several tendon branches within the muscle with fibers running diagonally between them?

A

multipennate muscles

97
Q

What is an example of an unipennate muscle?

A

flexor pollicis longus

98
Q

What is an example of a bipennate muscle?

A

rectus femoris

99
Q

What is an example of a multipennate muscle?

A

deltoid

100
Q

What are the actions that determine the classification of muscles?

A

prime movers/agonists
synergists
fixators/stabilizers
antagonists

101
Q

Which action causes muscles to have a desired action?

A

prime movers or agonists

102
Q

Which action causes muscles to assist prime movers by performing the same movement at the same time?

A

synergists

103
Q

Which action causes specialized synergists to stabilize joints for prime movers to exert their action?

A

fixators or stabilizers

104
Q

Which action causes muscles to lengthen?

A

antagonists

105
Q

What is an example of a prime mover or an antagonist?

A

brachialis (because the desired action is elbow flexion)

106
Q

What is an example of a synergist?

A

pronator teres to biceps brachialis (because they both cause elbow flexion)

107
Q

What is an example of a fixator or stabilizer?

A

deltoid –> stabilizing the shoulder so that biceps brachii can flex the elbow

108
Q

What is an example of an antagonist?

A

hamstrings (are the antagonists to the quadriceps, the prime mover)

109
Q

What types of muscles are classified by the number of joints crossed?

A

uniarticular muscles
biarticular muscles
multiarticular muscles

110
Q

Which muscles cross only one joint?

A

uniarticular muscles

111
Q

Which muscles cross two joints?

A

biarticular muscles

112
Q

Which muscles cross three or more joints?

A

multiarticular muscles

113
Q

What is the inflammation of the tendon sheaths located on the radial side of the wrist?

A

De Quervain Tenosynovitis (de Quervain tendinitis)

114
Q

If the acute inflammation of the de Quervain Tenosynovitis is present, would you treat the area as an indication or contraindication?

A

contraindication

115
Q

If the acute inflammation of the de Quervain Tenosynovitis is subsided, how would you treat the area?

A

light effleurage and friction
gradually increase pressure
avoid overstretching

116
Q

What pathology characterizes by the tenderness in localized areas or tender points, widespread pain, joint stiffness, fatigue, non-refreshing sleep, and mood problems?

A

fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)

117
Q

If the acute inflammation of the fibromyalgia syndrome is present, would you treat the area as an indication or contraindication?

A

indication

118
Q

How would you massage if a client has fibromyalgia syndrome?

A

ask how the client is feeling at the time (symptoms vary daily)
apply gentle and slow massages

use connective tissue massage

no deep tissue

119
Q

Which pathology characterizes the presence of myofascial trigger points and muscular pain?

A

myofascial pain syndrome (MPS)

120
Q

If the acute inflammation of the myofascial pain syndrome is present, would you treat the area as an indication or contraindication?

A

indication

121
Q

How would you massage when a client has myofascial pain syndrome?

A

trigger point massage + spinal manipulation
myofascial trigger-point massage to the head, neck, and shoulders

avoid deep vigorous techniques over anterior neck and abdomen

122
Q

How does myofascial trigger-point massage help with MPS?

A

decreases heart rate and blood pressure
increases cardiac parasympathetic activity –> improves relaxation

123
Q

Which pathology is a patellar tendinitis occur at the tibial tuberosity in the immature bone?

A

Osgood-Schlatter disease

124
Q

What are the two causes of Osgood-Schlatter disease?

A

indirect trauma (pulled force from strong contractions of the quadriceps) and overuse of repeated stress

125
Q

If the acute inflammation of the Osgood-Schlatter disease is present, would you treat the area as an indication or contraindication?

A

contraindication

126
Q

If the acute inflammation of the Osgood-Schlatter disease is present, would you treat the area as an indication or contraindication?

A

contraindication

127
Q

If the acute inflammation of the Osgood-Schlatter disease is subsided, how would you treat the area?

A

massage on affected and unaffected side
massage on thigh muscles with knees flexed and extended
use bolsters behind the knees when client is supine
use bolsters in front of ankles when client is prone
avoid overstretching quadriceps on affected side

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