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Massage Therapy > Chapter 22 - Integumentary System and Pathologies > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Integumentary System and Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

dermatology

A

study of the integumentary system

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2
Q

two primary regions of the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

functions?

A

protection, immunity, absorption, sensation, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis

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4
Q

what produces melanin?

A

melanocytes

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5
Q

specialized cells that stimulate immune responses when skin is broken by surgery or injury

A

dendritic (Langerhan) cells

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6
Q

epidermis

A

thin outer region of skin and composed of epithelial tissue

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7
Q

avascular

A

nutrients are provided by tissue fluids from underlying dermis

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8
Q

epidermis is derived from where

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

deepest epidermal layer where keratinocytes are produced

A

stratum basale

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10
Q

keratinocytes consist of __% in the epidermis

A

90

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11
Q

stratum basale is also known as

A

stratume germinativum or growth layer

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12
Q

melanin

A

produces dark pigment

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13
Q

1/4 cells are in stratum germinativum

A

melanocytes

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14
Q

melanin production is stimulated by sunlight which results in?

A

creating a semi protective shield against UV radiation

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15
Q

stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

A

slender projections connecting to the layer above

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16
Q

stratum granulosum (granular layer)

A

keratinization of skin cells begins

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17
Q

keratin

A

substance secreted by the vesicles within the keratinocytes

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18
Q

keratin + skin oils = ?

A

epidermal water barrier

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19
Q

epidermal water barrier

A

waterproofing the skin by reducing water loss that would lead to dehydration

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20
Q

stratum lucidum

A

translucent band that presents in thick skin of the palms and soles

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21
Q

stratum corneum (horny layer)

A

most superficial epidermal layer and desquamation occurs

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22
Q

how long do keratinocytes produce

A

21-27 days

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23
Q

epidermal-dermal junction

A

between the epidermis and the dermis

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24
Q

dermis (“true skin”)

A

thick, deeper region

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25
Q

dermis is derived from?

A

mesoderm

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26
Q

connective tissue consists mainly of

A

collagen and elastin

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27
Q

elastin

A

provides tissue to stay the same shape after being stretched

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28
Q

collagen

A

~70% of dermis and offer structural support to nerve receptors, blood vessels, hair follicles, muscles, and glands

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29
Q

scar

A

a dense collection of new connected tissue that is formed when the dermis is injured and the fibroblasts in the dermis quickly reproduce

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30
Q

stretch mark

A

resulted from the elastic fibers weakening and tearing from being overstretched in the dermis

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31
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

deep to the dermis

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32
Q

subcutaneous layer also known as?

A

hypodermis or superficial fascia

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33
Q

deep fascia

A

when this layer is extended inward and surrounds deeper structures

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34
Q

subcutaneous layers consist of (4)

A

loose connective tissue
adipose tissue
nerve receptors
blood vessels

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35
Q

skin color is determined by (5)

A

genetics
physiology
emotions
disease processes
diet

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36
Q

albinism

A

genetic condition in which individuals cannot produce melanin

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37
Q

vitiligo

A

partial or total loss of pigmentation occurring in patches

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38
Q

hyperpigmentation

A

from pregnancy hormones

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39
Q

linea nigra

A

a pregnancy line that is produced by pregnancy hormones stimulating melanin production

40
Q

carotene

A

yellow pigment that gives skin the golden color

41
Q

bilirubin

A

a pigment that is unable to excrete by individuals with liver diseases

42
Q

jaundice

A

a medical condition caused by a substance that is deposited in skin and mucous membranes

43
Q

hyperemia

A

reddening that is caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow

44
Q

cyanosis

A

blue or purple-tinted skin

45
Q

pallor

46
Q

ischemia

A

decreased blood flow from vasoconstriction or other causes

47
Q

hair

A

keratinized filaments arising from pouchlike hair follicles in dermis

48
Q

functions of the hair

A

protects skin and body orifices

49
Q

arrector pili

A

muscles attached to hair follicles

50
Q

nails

A

compact keratinized cells forming thin hard plates on distal surfaces at fingers at toes

51
Q

body (of the nail)

A

largest and most visible part

52
Q

root (of the nail)

A

nail production

53
Q

nailbed

A

skin beneath the nail

54
Q

lateral nail folds

A

sides of the nail

55
Q

cuticle

A

tough ridge growing over the nail base

56
Q

lunula

A

crescent shaped white area at the nail base

57
Q

free edge

A

distal end and trimmed as nail growth

58
Q

three major skin glands

A

sebaceous
sudoriferous
ceruminous

59
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

A

connected to a hair follicle and produces sebum

60
Q

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

produce sweat or perspiration

61
Q

functions of sudoriferous glands

A

regulate body temperature and eliminate wastes

62
Q

two types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine glands
apocrine glands

63
Q

eccrine glands

A

most numerous
secrete watery perspiration
assist with temperature regulation through evaporative cooling

64
Q

apocrine glands

A

open into hair follicles and secrete a strong-smelling perspiration

65
Q

ceruminous glands

A

produce cerumen, or earwax

66
Q

thermoregulation

A

maintenance of normal body temperature by balancing heat production and heat loss

67
Q

hypothermia

A

excess decreases in temperature

68
Q

hyperthermia

A

excess increases in temperature

69
Q

what area in the brain does the stimuli of the skin receptor travels to?

A

postcentral gyrus

70
Q

free nerve endings

A

no covering
most common and widely distributed

71
Q

3 types of free nerve endings

A

Merkel disk
Nociceptors
Hair root plexus

72
Q

Merkel disk

A

detects light pressure light touch

73
Q

nociceptor

A

detects noxious stimuli and protects the dermis layer

74
Q

hair root plexus (hair follicle receptor)

A

looks like a web that responds to mechanical stimuli

75
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

covered by capsules and stimuli mechanically changes their shape

76
Q

Meissner (tactile) corpuscles

A

detects light pressure or light touch, textural sensations, and low frequency vibration

77
Q

krause (bulboid) corpuscles

A

found in mucous membranes and detect deeper pressure, cold, or reduced temperatures

78
Q

Ruffini (bulbous) corpuscles

A

respond to heavy pressure, continuous or persistent touch, skin touching, skin stretching, and warmth

79
Q

pacini (lamellar) corpuscles
(aka Pacinian corpuscles)

A

respond to deep pressure, high-frequency vibrations, and stretch

80
Q

acne

A

an inflammatory infection of the hair follicles and their associated sebaceous glands

81
Q

athlete’s foot

A

fungal infection of the foot

82
Q

dermatophytes

A

several species of fungi that causes athletes foot

83
Q

boils (furuncles)

A

deeply infected hair follicles that spread to surrounding areas

84
Q

carbuncle

A

collection of boils that coalesce to form a larger mass draining through several openings

85
Q

bruises

A

marks on skin caused by blood leaking from damaged vessels and collecting in interstitial spaces

86
Q

is massage contraindicated for bruises?

87
Q

burn

A

injury causing damage to the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer or organs underneath

88
Q

4 types of burns

A

1st degree burn
2nd degree burn
3rd degree burn
4th degree burn

89
Q

1st degree burn is also called?

A

superficial partial-thickness burn

90
Q

1st degree burn

A

damages only the epidermis

91
Q

2nd degree burn aka?

A

deep partial-thickness burn

92
Q

2nd degree burn

A

deeper and involves both epidermis and upper layers of dermis
hair follicles and sweat glands are spared and remain function

93
Q

3rd degree burn aka?

A

full-thickness burn

94
Q

3rd degree burn

A

destroys the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, and associated glands

95
Q

4th degree burn

A

full thickness burn that extends into the bone and muscle

96
Q

burns caused by

A

heat sources
cold
radiation
chemical agents
electricity
friction

Massage Therapy (4 decks)

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