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A&P 1 Chap 12 - Chap 24 (3rd Test) > Chapter 24 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

2 Parts of Digestive System

A
  1. Alimentary canal (Gastrointestinal tract)

2. Accessory organs

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2
Q

Order of alimentary canal

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

usually next to or inside tube; usually secrete chemicals that aid in digestion;

  • tongue, teeth, salivary glands
  • liver, gall bladder pancreas
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4
Q

6 Digestive Processes

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Chemical digestion
  4. Propulsion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
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5
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physically tearing apart food into smaller pieces; chewing (mastication), churning (of stomach), segmentation

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6
Q

Chemical digestion

A

secretes digestive enzymes (to break down proteins); hydrolysis

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7
Q

Propulsion

A

pushing of food down alimentary canal (30 ft); ex. swallowing (deglutition); peristalsis - pushes food along small intestines

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8
Q

Absorption

A

process of taking in of nutrients into blood vessels or lymphatic vessels; now in body & now we can use

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9
Q

4 Tissue layers of Alimentary canal (technically digestion takes place outside of body)

A
  1. Mucosa
    a. Epithelial
    b. lamina propria
    c. muscularis mucosae
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
    a. circular layer of smooth muscle
    b. longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  4. Serosa
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10
Q

Lumen

A

hollow space in center of tube; where digestion takes place

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11
Q

Mucosa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

inner most layer; mucous membrane; opening to outside;

function: secretion, absorption, dislodges food

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12
Q

Epithelial (part of mucosa layer)

A

lines body cavities;

function: secretion

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13
Q

Lamina propria (part of mucosa layer)

A

areolar CT; richly vascularized; when associated w/mucous membrane, this CT is always called lamina propria;
function: blood vessels responsible for absorption

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14
Q

Muscularis mucosae (part of mucosa layer)

A

thin layer of smooth muscle;

function: dislodges food

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15
Q

Submucosa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

CT that surrounds mucosa; blood vessels, lymphatic vessels (carries food), nerves; submucosal nerve plexus located here

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16
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

runs almost down whole canal;

function: responsible for stimulating gland secretions of the mucosa

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17
Q

Muscularis externa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

thickest layers of smooth muscles; main layer that produces movement of canal–peristalsis (kind of propulsion) & segmentation (mechanical digestion)

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18
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

sandwiched between circular layer of s.m. & longitudinal layer of s.m.;
function: causing movements

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19
Q

Serosa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

serous membrane lining abdominal cavity; outermost layer; protective covering; visceral peritoneum

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20
Q

2 Controls of Enteric Nervous System (“brain of the gut”)

A
  1. Intrinsic control of digestion

2. Extrinsic control

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21
Q

Intrinsic control of digestion

A

exhibits control from inside of canal; submucosal & myenteric nerve plexuses form ENS; 100 million neurons-same size as spinal cord; more local

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22
Q

Extrinsic control of digestion

A

from outside of digestive system by ANS (hypothalamus);
parasympathetic stimulates digestive track motility & secretion;
sympathetic inhibits all digestive tracts movements & secretions from outside;
more extensive affecting whole digestive system

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23
Q

Peritoneal Folds

A
  1. Greater omentum
  2. Lesser omentum
  3. Mesentery
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24
Q

Greater omentum (peritoneal folds)

A

adipose tissue; nutrient storage

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25
Q

Lesser omentum (peritoneal folds)

A

stomach & duodenum attachment to liver; hepatic portal veins

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26
Q

Mesentery (peritoneal folds)

A

attaches small intestines to posterior body wall; fan-shaped fold associated w/small intestines; only place for blood vessels, nerves & lymphatic vessels to enter & leave digestive system

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27
Q

Hepatic portal veins

A

carries nutrients to liver; Liver-detoxification; portal - carries blood from one organ to another organ

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28
Q

Deglutition

A

swallowing; form of propulsion; involves voluntary & involuntary muscles; uses 4 cranial nerves & lots of muscles; uvula - by reflex this blocks food from going thru nasal passages

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29
Q

Peristalsis

A

uses muscularis externa to contract & squeeze food of circular layer; continuous contraction behind food; how food gets pushed down canal

30
Q

Stomach

A

widest part of canal; function: storage & churning of food

31
Q

Unique anatomy of Stomach

A
  1. Muscularis Externa - oblique layer - gross anatomy
  2. Rugae - gross anatomy
  3. Gastric Gland - microscopic anatomy
32
Q

Muscularis externa (of stomach)

A

3rd layer only in stomach besides circular & longitudinal layer;
oblique layer - so stomach can churn in 3 different directions

33
Q

Rugae (stomach)

A

fan-like folds; only appears when stomach is empty or near empty; stomach can hold a gallon of food or drink

34
Q

Gastric Gland (stomach)

A

gland built into mucosa;

functions: 1. secrets HCl (hydrochloric acid) - ph of lumen is acidic;
2. Kills bacteria
3. Intrinsic factor - needed for vitamin B12 absorption (w/out it–severely anemic)
4. Pepsinogen - inactive enzyme; as protective measure

35
Q

Function of HCl

A

denatures proteins (changes shape of proteins)

36
Q

Zymogens

A

inactive enzyme; converted into pepsin (which begins to breakdown proteins;

Pepsinogen (inacitve)–HCl–pepsin in lumen (active)

37
Q

Protections of the Stomach

A
  1. Zymogen Produced
  2. Goblet Cells - secrete mucus so acid doesn’t break down cells
  3. Tight Junctions
  4. High Turnover - lining of stomach gets replaced every 2 -3 days
  5. Gastric Gland impermeable to HCl - once HCl is released, it can’t harm cells
38
Q

Small Intestines

A

function: chemical digestion of all nutrients completed; absorption of all nutrients completed; main place where chem digestion & absorption takes place; most important part of alimentary canal; narrowest part of canal (about 20 ft long)

39
Q

Circular folds (plica circularis)

A

circular rings located w/in lining of s. i.;

function: to increase surface area for absorption to occur quick

40
Q

Villi

A

located on circular folds of s.i.;
function: increases surface area more for absorption; blood vessels & lymphatic vessels main absorptive structure in s.i.; very bumpy

41
Q

Microvilli

A

highly folded plasma membrane in absorptive cells of villi (of s.i.); increases surface are even more!; digestive enzymes are built into microvilli

42
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

not secreted; built into lining of s.i.; digestion finished by these enzymes

43
Q

3 Sections of Small Intestine

A
  1. Duodenum - 1st 10 inches
  2. Jejunum - middle section; 8 ft
  3. Ileum - last 12 ft
44
Q

Duodenum

A

mixing region - chyme from stomach goes into duodenum; bile, gall bladder; pancreas;
weakness - chyme

45
Q

Bile

A

from liver; emulsification of fats–helps break down globs of fat

46
Q

Gall bladder

A

smooth muscle; stores & concentrates bile; when bile is not needed immediately, it comes here to be stored

47
Q

Pancreas

A

most important accessory organ; gland: makes almost all enzymes that break down proteins, carbs & nucleic acids; digestive enzymes come from pancreas

48
Q

Brunner’s gland

A

protects duodenum from chyme (which is very acidic);

functions: 1. secretes a slightly basic secretion; neutralizes the acids; neutralizes the chyme; to protect s.i. so it’s not harmed;
2. produces thick mucus to coat duodenum from acids

49
Q

Jejunum

A

main chem digestion & absorption part

50
Q

Ileum

A

absorption of vit B12 & bile salts (part of bile emulsifying fats); responsible for Peyer’s Patches

51
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue); houses immune cells & destroys microorganisms that get into this part; protection of s.i.

52
Q

Large Intestine

A

Main function: absorption of water: only part of canal where solid waste is eliminated; fiber & other things can’t be broken down by digestive system; wider but not too long (about 5 ft)

53
Q

2 Structures found only in L.I.

A
  1. Teniae coli

2. Haustra

54
Q

Teniae coli

A

band of smooth muscle in l.i.; longitudinal layer of muscularis externa; does NOT completely surround circular layer as it does everywhere else; only part that is not covered;

55
Q

Haustra

A

sac-like structures in l.i.; haustral contractions - slower than peristalsis; squeezes as much water as possible

56
Q

Bacterial flora

A

not a structure; garden of bacteria located in lumen; helpful bacteria; makes B vitamins & vitamin K (needed for blood clotting)

57
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

begins in mouth;
enzyme: amylase;
brush border enzymes finishes job

58
Q

Protein digestion

A

begins in stomach; HCl denatures proteins; HCl unravels protein & prepares it for chemical digestion;
enzyme: pepsin (stomach);
enzymes made in pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase;
brush border enzymes

59
Q

Lipid digestion

A

bile salts emulsify fats;

enzyme: lipase

60
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A

enzymes: deoxyribonuclease (breaks down DNA); ribonuclease (breaks down RNA);
brush border enzymes

61
Q

Digestive Processes involving Mouth

A

Ingestion;
Mechanical digestion - mastication;
Chemical digestion of carbs;
Propulsion - deglutition

62
Q

Digestive Processes involving Pharynx

A

Propulsion - deglutition

63
Q

Digestive Processes involving Esophagus

A

Propulsion - peristalsis

64
Q

Digestive Processes involving Stomach

A

Mechanical digestion - peristalsis;
Chemical digestion of proteins (1 nutrient);
Propulsion - peristalsis;
Absorption of alcohol, some drugs, water

65
Q

Digestive Processes involving Small Intestine

A

Mechanical digestion - segmentation;
Chemical digestion of nutrients completed;
Propulsion - peristalsis;
Absorption of nutrients completed

66
Q

Digestive Processes involving Large Intestine

A

Propulsion - haustral contractions;
Absorption of water & some vitamins;
Elimination

67
Q

Unique Anatomy of Stomach

A

Oblique layer of muscularis externa;
Rugae;
Gastric gland

68
Q

Unique Anatomy of Small Intestine

A

Circular folds, villi, microvilli;
Brunner’s glands in duodenum;
Peyer’s patches in ileum

69
Q

Unique Anatomy of Large Intestine

A

Teniae coli;

Haustra

70
Q

Accessory Organs of Mouth

A

salivary glands, tongue, teeth

71
Q

Accessory Organs of Small Intestine

A

Pancreas - produces digestive enzymes;
Live - produces bile;
Gall bladder - stores bile

A&P 1 Chap 12 - Chap 24 (3rd Test) (8 decks)

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