Chapter 14 - Continued

Question 1

Regions of Cerebrum

Answer 1

1. Cerebral cortex - gray matter only; cell bodies
2. White matter - deep to the cerebral cortex; mainly myelinated axons
3. basal nuclei - gray matter embedded in white matter

Question 2

Cerebral cortex (Cerebrum)

Answer 2

Function:

• conscious mind - perceptions (awareness of sensations);
• understanding
• voluntary movements

Question 3

Cerebral cortex (characteristics)

Answer 3

100 % of all neurons are interneurons; contralateral & lateralization;

• about 1/2 of cerebrum forms cerebral cortex
• 1/8 inch thin

Question 4

contralateral

Answer 4

opposite side - i.e. left side of brain controls right side of body

Question 5

lateralization

Answer 5

specialization of certain functions to one side of the brain–both sides of brain don’t do same thing;
i.e. left hemisphere - speech & language (for most people-right handed-this is the dominant hemisphere)

Question 6

White matter (in cerebrum)

Answer 6

myelinated tracts; communication lines;
1. commissural fibers
2. association fibers
3. projection fibers
fibers = axons

Question 7

Commissural fibers

Answer 7

axons in white matter that connect left & right cerebral hemispheres; horizontal fibers

Question 8

Association fibers

Answer 8

axons in white matter that connect different regions of same cerebral hemispheres; horizontal fibers

Question 9

Projection fibers

Answer 9

axons in white matter that connect the cerebrum w/other parts of the CNS; vertical fibers; cross over @ medulla

Question 10

Basal nuclei (def’n & function)

Answer 10

clusters of cell bodies embedded in white matter;
function: motor control - ability to start, stop & monitor a movement (if this doesn’t work-Parkinson’s–tremors, jerkiness); if substantial nigra isn’t working & making dopamine, the basal nuclei doesn’t work

Question 11

Function brain systems (involve more than 1 part of the brain)

Answer 11

1. Limbic system

2. Reticular formation

Question 12

Limbic system (& function)

Answer 12

part of functional brain system; involves part of cerebrum & part of diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus);
function: emotional brain

Question 13

Reticular formation (& function)

Answer 13

part of functional brain system; involves mainly brain stem but sends AP throughout brain to keep it alert;
function: waken up the brain–axons send out excitatory AP to waken brain to consciousness; (if this part of brain doesn’t work=coma)

Question 14

12 pairs of cranial nerves; originate from the brain (order)

Answer 14

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Question 15

All cranial nerves are mixed nerves but

Answer 15

I - Olfactory
II - Optic
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
which are sensory only

Question 16

10 cranial nerves exit out of the brain stem

Answer 16

III - XII

Question 17

Order of Cranial Nerves

Answer 17

I - Olfactory (sensory only)
II - Optic (sensory only)
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Vestibulocochlear (sensory only)
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal

Question 18

Cranial nerve - I Olfactory (sensory only)

Answer 18

sensory info from olfactory receptor (smell)

Question 19

Cranial nerve - II Optic (sensory only)

Answer 19

sensory info from retina of eye (visual)

Question 20

Cranial nerve - III Oculomotor

Answer 20

eye muscles; parasympathetic - constricts pupils; voluntary eye movement

Question 21

Cranial nerve - IV Trochlear

Answer 21

eye muscles; voluntary eye mvmt

Question 22

Cranial nerve - V Trigeminal

Answer 22

sensory info from face & teeth; motor nerve for chewing muscles; mainly sensory nerve

Question 23

Cranial nerve - VI Abducens

Answer 23

eye muscles; voluntary eye mvmt

Question 24

Cranial nerve - VII Facial

Answer 24

motor nerve to facial muscles; sensory info from taste buds (tongue); parasympathetic to salivary, nasal, tear glands

Question 25

Cranial nerve - VIII Vestibulocochlear (sensory only)

Answer 25

sensory info from ears:
cochlea (hearing)
vestibule (balance)

Question 26

Cranial nerve - IX Glossopharyngeal

Answer 26

motor & sensory nerve for tongue & pharynx muscles (swallowing), taste buds; parasympathetic to salivary glands

Question 27

Cranial nerve - X Vagus (only cranial nerve that extends below head & neck)

Answer 27

parasympathetic innervation of visceral organs; sensory nerve from visceral organs; somatic motor nerve to pharynx & mouth (swallow); main parasympathetic nerve in body; slows down heart & digestion; supplies heart & lungs & some of digestive system; most important cranial nerve

Question 28

Cranial nerve -XI Accessory

Answer 28

motor nerve to larynx & pharynx (swallowing); motor & sensory nerve to head & neck muscles

Question 29

Cranial nerve -XII Hypoglossal

Answer 29

motor nerve to tongue muscles (swallowing, speech)

Question 30

Functional areas of the Cerebral cortex

Answer 30

1. Motor areas
   a. primary motor area
   b. premotor area
   c. Broca’s area
   d. frontal eye field
2. Sensory areas
   a. primary somatosensory area
   b. primary visual area
   c. primary auditory area
3. Association areas
   a. prefrontal cortex
   b. Wernicke’s area
   c. visceral association area

Question 31

Cerebral cortex areas (function)

Answer 31

1. motor areas - control of voluntary movement
2. sensory areas - awareness of sensations
3. association areas - interprets info

Question 32

Primary motor area - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 32

function: conscious control of skeletal muscles (40% of our body);
location: precentral gyrus; frontal lobe

Question 33

Premotor area (motor assoc area) - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 33

function: learned motor skills (repetitive movements)
location: frontal lobe

Question 34

Broca’s area - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 34

function: speech production
location: usually Left hemisphere (lateralization), frontal lobe

Question 35

Frontal eye field - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 35

function: voluntary eye movements
location: frontal lobe

Question 36

Primary somatosensory area - sensory area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 36

function: receives sensory info from skin & skeletal muscles
location: postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe

Question 37

Primary visual area - sensory area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 37

function: receives visual info from retina of eye; where we see
location: occipital lobe

Question 38

Primary auditory area - sensory area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 38

function: receives sound info from ear
location: temporal lobe

Question 39

Prefrontal cortex - association area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 39

most important part of cerebrum;

function: intellect, judgment, reasoning, conscience
location: frontal lobe

Question 40

Wernicke’s area - association area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 40

function: language interpretation, recognition of spoken words
location: usually left hemisphere (lateralization), along lateral sulcus

Question 41

Visceral association area - association area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

Answer 41

function: perception of visceral sensations (i.e. full bladder, upset stomach)
location: insula (5th lobe)