Chapter 24 Flashcards
Red blood cells (RBC)
Majority of the cells in circulation
Gives blood the red color
Contain hemoglobin that bind to oxygen
Blood clotting
Group of proteins produced in liver into bloodstream. When activated when damage occurs to lining of blood vessel.
Once activated clotting factors form through clotting cascade.
More stable then initial efforts of platelets
Coagulopathy
Abnormal clotting of blood.
When clotting is to slow or fast
Certain diseases:
Cirrohosis (liver disease)
Hemophiliacs (inherited genetic disorder)
Willebrands disease- inherited blood disorder, patient has enough platelets but they functional defective
Anemia
Lack of normal amount of RBCs
Acute anemia- massive bleeding from trauma
Chronic anemia- re-occurring heavy menstrual cycles, slow GI blood loss, diseases that affect bone marrow or hemoglobin
Assess:
Anemic patients will have pale conjunctiva
Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
A disease that causes defect in hemoglobin.
Normally occurs in African Americans, middle eastern, or Indian
Composed of defective hemoglobin that lose ability to form normal shape and compressibility.
Resembles “sickle” shape
Causes blockages; Destruction of spleen Sickle cell pain crisis Acute chest syndrome Priapism Stroke Jaundice Abnormally short life span
Administer O2, monitor for reputation fever and shock. Transport
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Most common disease process affecting renal and urinary systems.
Caused by bacteria
Usually in bladder
Can be life threatening if enters bloodstream
Pyelonephritis
Uti from bladder travels up ureter to kidney
Complains of unilateral pain
Kidney stones
Made up of calcium formed in kidney.
No symptoms until gets lodged in ureter unable to pass to bladder
Nausea and vomiting
Urinary catheters
Obstruction of outflow from bladder (tumor or prostate) causes patient to require catheter
Inserted to urethra
Sometimes dr can insert directly through skin into kidney or bladder
Complications:
UTI and trauma at site
Renal failure
Most serious disease of kidney.
When kidneys fail to filter toxins and remove excess fluid
Acute renal failure:
Shock, toxic ingestion
Chronic renal failure:
Polycystic kidney disease
Poorly controlled diabetes
High blood pressure
End stage renal disease (ESRD)
Require dialysis (the process of removing toxins and excess fluids)
Hemodialysis
Dialysis done with two-port catheters or fistula
Fistula can produce “thrill” which is a slight vibration when papulated
Peritoneal dialysis
Usually administered at home, slower process multiple treatments daily.
A permanent catheter implanted through abdominal wall into peritoneal cavity that places fluid that sits for hours to absorb toxins and excess fluids. Then drained into bag and discarded. Called a “exchange”
Two types of peritoneal dialysis
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (more common, fluid left in peritoneal cavity by clamping catheter for 4-6 hours, several times a day, in and out thru gravity)
Continuous Cycler-assisted Peritoneal Dialysis (machine pumps fluid into body 3-5 times during the night. In the morning fills body for the whole day)
Complications of ESRD
When patient fail to be dialyzed patients present symptoms of congestive heart failure. Pulmonary/pedal edema. Also dysrhythmia
