Chapter 24 Flashcards
What are coenzymes?
Most vitamins function as coenzymes which act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular chemical task.
Ex: B vitamins act as coenzymes when glucose is oxidized for energy.
What are vitamins?
Vitamins are organic compounds needed in minute amounts for growth and good health.
What are the water soluble vitamins?
The water soluble vitamins include the b complex vitamins and vitamin c. These vitamins are absorbed along with water from the GI tract. The body stores what is needed then our body excretes the excess in urine.
What are the fat solvable vitamins?
Fat solvable vitamins include vitamins A, D,E, and K. They bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed along with their digestion products.Anything that interferes fat absorption also interferes with the uptake of fat solvable vitamins.
What happens during metabolism?
Substances are constantly built up and torn down. (Metabol=change)
What are the 2 metabolic processes?
1) anabolism- for all reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones.ex: bonding together amino acids to build proteins.
2) catabolism- all processes that break down complex structures to simpler ones. Ex: hydrolysis of foods in the digestive tract.
What is cellular respiration?
It’s a catabolic process. Food fuels particularly glucose is broken down in cells and some of the energy released is captured to form ATP. The ATP then serves as the “chemical drive shaft” that links energy-releasing catabolic reactions to cellular work.
What are the 3 stages that are involved in processing energy containing nutrients in the body?
Stage 1- digestion in the GI tract. Food is broken down into nutrients and nutrients are transported in blood to tissue cells.
Stage 2- occurs in tissue cells. Nutrients are either built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen by anabolic pathwaysor broken down by catabolic pathways to pyruvate acid and acetyl-COA in the cells cytoplasm.the major catabolic pathway is glycolysis.
Stage 3- is catabolic and occurs in the mitochondria. It requires oxygen and completes the breakdown of foods, producing carbon dioxide and water and harvesting large amounts of ATP. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are key pathways in stage 3.
What is an oxidation reaction?
Whenever one substance loses electrons(oxidized) another substance gains then(reduced).
-oxidized substances lose energy
-reduced substances gain energy as energy rich electrons are transferred from one substance to the next
Ex: FAD(oxidized) —->FADH(reduced)
What is a oxidation reduction reaction(REDOX)?
-oxidation and reduction are couples reactions. Whenever one substance loses electrons(is oxidized) another substance gains them (reduced).
Ex: as food fuels are oxidized, their energy is transferred to a “bucket brigade” of other molecules and ultimately to ADP to form energy rich ATP.
What is Oxidation Reaction?
Oxidation is the gain of oxygen OR the loss of hydrogen.
metabolism of major nutrients. what are all food carbohydrates transformed into?
All food carbohydrates are eventually transformed into Glucose.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is splitting of sugar.
- it occurs in the cytosol(liquid found inside cells) of cells.
- it’s a 10 chemical step pathway that converts glucose into 2 pyruvate acid molecules. All steps are reversible except the first during which glucose is phosphylated to glucose-6-phosphate.
- it’s an anaerobic( does not use oxygen). But can still happen if oxygen is present.
Vitamin b9 folic acid
Water soluble
Sources: green veggies, oranges, whole grains
function: coenzyme in nucleus acid metabolism
Deficiency: anemia, birth defects
Vitamin b12
Water soluble
Source: meats, eggs, dairy products
Function: coenzyme in nucleus acid metabolism
Deficiency: anemia, nervous system disorder
