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Biol235 Quiz 5 > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary canal

A

GI tract

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2
Q

tonus def/length of GI tract

A

state of contraction
GI tract is 5-7m during tonus

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3
Q

six basic processes of digestive system

A
  1. Ingestion: taking food into mouth.
  2. Secretion: release of water, acid,
    buffers, and enzymes into lumen
    of GI tract.
  3. Mixing and propulsion: churning
    and movement of food through GI
    tract.
  4. Digestion: mechanical and
    chemical breakdown of food.
  5. Absorption: passage of digested
    products from GI tract into blood
    and lymph.
  6. Defecation: elimination of feces
    from GI tract.
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4
Q

four layers of GI tract (deep to superficial)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventita

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5
Q

mucosa layer of GI tract has what layers (3)

A

inner epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

inner epithelium of mucosa layer of GI tract (functions/rate or renewal/contains what special cells)

A

protective (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal), secretion./absorption (stomach, intestines)

rate of renewal 5-7 days
enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones

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7
Q

lamina propria of mucosa layer of GI tract (what CT, function, contains majority of what cells)

A

aerolar CT
has vessels for absorbed nutrients
contains majority of the cells of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (lymphatic nodules for immune system)

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8
Q

muscularis mucosae of mucosa of GI tract (function)

A

creates folds in MM of stomach/SI=more SA for digestion/absorption
movements ensure all absorptive cells are exposed to GI contents

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9
Q

submucosa of GI tract (CT, function, plexus)

A

areolar CT
vessels for digested nutrients
has submucosal plexus (network of neurons)

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10
Q

muscularis of GI tract (types, plexus)

A

skeletal ( mouth, pharynx, and superior and middle parts of the esophagus, external anal sphincter)
smooth : inner circular fibers outer longitudinal

has myenteric plexus (network of neurons)

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11
Q

serosa of GI tract (location, tissue, AKA)

A

only in abdominal cavity

serous membrane with areolar CT/simple squamous

AKA visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

adventita location/tissue

A

found on esophagus

single layer areolar CT

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13
Q

two plexuses of enteric nervous system

A

myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)
submucosal plexus ( plexus of Meissner)

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14
Q

myenteric plexus location/function

A

between circular/longitudinal fibers of muscularis
control GI tract motility (frequency/strength of contraction)

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15
Q

submucosal plexus location/function

A

within submucosa
control secretions of organs of GI tract

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16
Q

2 major sensory receptors of GI tract

A

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

parasympathetic innervation of GI tract

A

Psymp preG neurons of the vagus/pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse with Psymp postG neurons located in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Some of the psymp postG neurons in turn synapse with neurons in the ENS; others directly innervate smooth muscle and glands within the wall of the GI tract

increase in GI secretion and motility by increasing the activity of ENS neurons

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18
Q

sympathetic innervation of GI tract

A

arise from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the SC

symp postG neurons synapse with neurons located in the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus

cause a decrease in GI secretion and motility by inhibiting the neurons of the ENS

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19
Q

gastrointestinal reflex pathways

A

regulate GI secretion/motility by responses to stimuli in lumen of GI tract
receptors ot CNS, ANS, or ENS then activate or inhibit glands/smooth

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20
Q

five major peritoneal folds

A

greater omentum
falciform ligamen
lesser omentum
mesentery
mesocolon

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21
Q

Ascites

A

Distension of parental cavity due to fluid buildup from disease

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22
Q

greater omentum (size, folds, function)

A

longest
4 layers over transverse colon and coils of SI (fatty apron)
lots of adipose cells (beer belly)
lymph nodes contribute macrophages and antibody-producing plasma cells that help combat and contain infections of the GI tract

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23
Q

falciform ligament (function)

A

attatches liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

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24
Q

lesser omentum function

A

connects the stomach and
duodenum to liver
pathway for blood vessels entering the liver and contains the hepatic portal
vein, common hepatic artery, and common bile duct, along with
some lymph nodes

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25
Q

mesentery (size, shape, function, lots of, extends)

A

biggest fold
fan shaped
binds jejunum and ileum of SI to post abdominal wall
lots of fat
extends from the posterior abdominal wall to wrap around the small intestine and then returns to its origin, forming a
double-layered structure. Between the two layers are blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

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26
Q

mesocolon (function)

A

bind the transverse colon and
sigmoid colon of the LI to the post abdominal wall
carries blood and lymphatic vessels to the intestines.

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27
Q

labial frenulum

A

inner surface of each lip is attached to its corresponding gum by a midline fold of MM called labial frenulum

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28
Q

muscles for chewing

A

buccinator (cheek) orbicularis oris (lips)

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29
Q

oral vestibule

A

space between chekks/lips and teeth/gums

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30
Q

oral cavity proper

A

space fro gums/teeth to fauces (opening to oropharynx)

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31
Q

palate (Function/parts)

A

allows breathing while chewing
hard: palatine and maxilla with MM
soft: muscle with MM

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32
Q

uvula

A

drawn superiorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx

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33
Q

palatine vs lingual tonsil location

A

between palatoglossal/paalatopharyngeal arch vs at base of tongue

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34
Q

small salivary glands (4)

A

labial, buccal, palatal, lingual

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35
Q

major salivary glands- 3 paired (location/open to)

A

parotid: inferior and
anterior to the ears, between the skin and the masseter muscle open to the vestibule opposite the second
maxillary (upper) molar tooth

submandibular: floor of the mouth open to oral cavity proper lateral to the lingual frenulum

sublingual: beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands open to floor of mouth into oral cavity proper

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36
Q

saliva composition

A

99.5% water and 0.5% solutes

solutes:
1. ions: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate.

  1. dissolved gases/organic substances: including urea and uric acid, mucus, immunoglobulin A, the bacteriolytic enzyme lysozyme, and salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that acts on starch
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37
Q

parotid vs submandibular vs sublingual glands release

A

watery amylase vs fluid amylase thickened with mucus vs mostly mucus with little amylase

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38
Q

salivary amylase function

A

breaks starch into maltose, maltotriose, a-dextrin

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39
Q

tongue attached inferiorly to

A

hyoid bone, styloid process of temporal bone and mandible

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40
Q

extrinsic muscles of tongue (movement of tongue/function)

A

Move tongue from side to side and in and out
Food maneuvered for mastication, shaped into bolus, and
maneuvered for swallowing

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41
Q

intrinsic muscles of tongue (movement of tongue/function)

A

Alter shape of tongue
swalloing of speech

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42
Q

lingual frenulum

A

fold of MM on inferior surface of tongue to limit posterior movement

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43
Q

lingual glands

A

secrete lingual lipase=30% triglycerides (fats/oils) broken down into fatty acids and diglycerides

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44
Q

periodontal ligament

A

dense fibrous CT that anchors the teeth to the socket walls and acts as a shock absorber during chewing

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45
Q

three major external regions of tooth

A

crown, neck, root

46
Q

enamel

A

outer covering of tooth
(made of calcium salts)
protects the tooth from wear and tear

47
Q

dentin

A

underneath enamel
(calcified connective tissue)
makes up the majority of the tooth.

48
Q

Cementum

A

a bone-like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament.

49
Q

pulp cavity

A

inner part of crown
contains pulp (connective
tissue containing nerves and blood vessels)

50
Q

root canal

A

is an extension of the pulp
cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels

51
Q

apical foramen

A

is an opening at the base of a root canal through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter a tooth

52
Q

endodontics vs orthodontics vs periodontics

A

prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the pulp, root, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone
vs
prevention and correction of abnormally aligned teeth
vs
treatment of abnormal conditions of the tissues immediately surrounding the teeth, such as gingivitis (gum disease)

53
Q

two denditions

A

deciduous (primary teeth, milk teeth, or baby teeth): begin at 6m lost between 6-12y; 20
permanent (secondary) teeth: replace deciduous; 32

54
Q

incisors (location/function/root)

A

4 front teeth (central or lateral incisors), cut into food; one root

55
Q

canines (location/function/roo)

A

behind incisors; one cusp to tear/shred food; one root

56
Q

first/second molars

A

behind canines; 4 cusps; upper (maxillary) have 3 roots,
lower (mandibular) have two; crush/grind food to prepare for swallowing

57
Q

salivary amylase vs lingual lipase

A

secreted by the salivary glands, initiates the breakdown of starch into monosaccharides, starts acing in mouth until 1 hour after eating
vs
secreted by lingual glands, breaks down dietary triglycerides (fats and oils) into fatty acids and diglycerides, activated by acidic enviro of stomach (starts acting after swallowed)

58
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

opening in the diaphragm that esophagus passes through to enter the stomach

59
Q

mucosa of esophagus (location/histology(layers))

A

inner layer

non-keratinized stratified squamous
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

mucus glands near stomach

60
Q

submucosa of esophagus (location.histology)

A

second from inner layer (superficial to mucosa, deep to muscularis)

areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and mucous glands

61
Q

muscularis of esophagus (what each third consists of)

A

sup 1/3: skeletal
middle 1/3: skeletal+smooth
inf 1/3: smooth

has sphincter on each end of esophagus

62
Q

two sphincters of esophagus (name and what they are made of)

A

upper esophageal sphincter: skeletal
muscle
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter (LES): mooth muscle, near the heart

63
Q

adventita of esophagus (why is it called that instead of serosa)

A

areolar CT of this layer is not covered by mesothelium and because the
CT merges with the CT of surrounding
structures of the mediastinum through which it passes

64
Q

Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter

A

Permits entry of bolus from laryngopharynx into esophagus

65
Q

Esophageal stage of deglutition (peristalsis)

A

Pushes bolus down esophagus.

66
Q

Relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter

A

Bolus into stomach

67
Q

secretion of mucus (esophagus)

A

Lubricates esophagus for smooth passage of bolus

68
Q

deglutition involves/3 stages

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus

  1. voluntary: into oropharynx
  2. pharyngeal: to esophagus
  3. esophageal: to stomach
69
Q

deglutition center location

A

medulla oblongata and lower pons of the brain stem.

70
Q

peristalsis (def, what contracts where)

A

progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis, pushes the bolus onward

(circular contract above bolus, and longitudinal contract below)

71
Q

4 regions of stomach

A

cardia: surrounds opening of esophagus
fundus: rounded sup part L to cardia
body: large central portion
pyloric part: 3 parts to duodenum

72
Q

3 regions of pyloric part

A

pyloric antrum: connects to body of stomach
pyloric canal: leads to 3rd region
pylorus: connects to duodenum

73
Q

rugae

A

mucosal folds in stomach when empty

74
Q

lesser vs greater curvature of the stomach

A

concave/medial vs convex/lateral

75
Q

surface mucous cells

A

simple columnar epithelial cells that make up surface of mucosa of stomach

76
Q

gastric glands

A

columns of secretory cells in stomach

77
Q

gastric pits

A

narrow channels that several gastric glands release secretions into to enter the stomach

78
Q

3 exocrine cells in gastric glands and what they secrete

A

mucous neck cells: secrete mucous
chief cells: secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase
parietal cells: secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (needed for B12 absorption)

79
Q

gastric juice is made by the secretions of what cells and what other cells

A

mucous neck cell, chief cells, parietal cells
G cell (enteroendocrine cell): secretes gastrin

80
Q

what is different about the muscularis of the stomach

A

3 layers instead of 2 (outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique)

81
Q

propulsion, retropropulsion, and gastric emptying in stomach

A

propulsion: peristalsis in body/antrum to pyloric sphincter every 15-25s
retropropulsion: food too big to fit through pyloric sphincter=back to body to mix with gastric juice
gasric emptying: food turned into chyme and can fit through pyloric sphincter

82
Q

Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells activity and result (1)

A

A: secretes mucus
R: Forms protective barrier that prevents digestion of stomach wall.

83
Q

parietal cells action and result (2)

A

A: secrete intrisnic factor
R: Needed for absorption of vitamin B12 (used in RBC formation)

A: secrete hydrochloric acid
R: Kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen into pepsin

84
Q

chief cells action and results (2)

A

A: secrete pesinogen
R: Pepsin (activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides

A: secret gastric lipase
R: Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

85
Q

G cells action and result (1)

A

A: secrete
R:Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of stomach, and relaxes pyloric sphincter

86
Q

pancreas 3 main regions

A

head (near duodenum) body tail

87
Q

pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung

A

larger duct of pancres, inferior

88
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla or ampulla of Vater

A

where pancreatic duct and common bile duct meet in pancreas
has sphincter of Oddi

89
Q

major duodenal papilla

A

elevation of the duodenal mucosa where hepatopancreatic ampulla is

90
Q

accessory duct (duct of Santorini)

A

smaller/sup to pancreatic duct

91
Q

acini vs pancreatic islets in pancreas

A

99 percent; exocrine (pancreatic juice) vs 1 percent; endocrine (hormones)

92
Q

pancreatic juice

A

clear, colorless liquid consisting mostly of water,
some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and several enzymes

93
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

starch digesting enzyme

94
Q

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase

A

enzymes that digest proteins into peptides; released by pancreas

95
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

triglyceride digesting enzyme; released by pancreas

96
Q

ribonuclease vs deoxyribonuclease

A

nucleic-acid digesting enzyme; released by pancreas
vs
digest RNA/DNA into nucleotides; released by pancreas

97
Q

enterokinase

A

enzyme in SI that turns trypsinogen into trypsin

98
Q

gallbladder location

A

in post depression of liver, hangs from the anterior inferior margin of the liver

99
Q

what seperates the larger R lobe and smalller L lobe of liver

A

falciform ligament

100
Q

ligamentum teres (round ligament)

A

in falciform ligament, remnant of umbilical vein of the fetus this fibrous cord extends from the liver to the umbilicus

101
Q

coronary ligaments

A

narrow extensions of the parietal peritoneum that suspend the liver from the diaphragm

102
Q

hepatocytes (volume of liver/function/form/secrete)

A

80 percent of liver volume
major functional cells of the liver and perform a wide array of metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions
form hepatic laminae
secrete bile

103
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

small ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile produced by the
hepatocytes

104
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

highly permeable blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that receive oxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic portal vein

105
Q

stellate reticuloendothelial cells (hepatic macrophages) (where/function)

A

in hepatic sinusoid
destroy worn out R/WBC, bacteria, and other foreign matter in the venous blood draining from the GI tract

106
Q

portal triad

A

a bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of the hepatic vein together

107
Q

cystic duct

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle fibers ejects the contents of the gallbladder into this

108
Q

gallbladder function basic

A

Stores, concentrates, and delivers bile into duodenum via common bile duct.

109
Q

liver function basic

A

Produces bile (bile salts) necessary for emulsification and absorption of lipids

110
Q

blood supply of liver (pathway back to heart)

A

hepatic artery/hepatic portal vein -> sinusoids -> central vein -> hepatic vein -> inf vena cava -> right atrium

111
Q

other vital functions the liver performs (9)

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Processing of drugs/hormones
Excretion of bilirubin
Synthesis of bile salts
Storage
Phagocytosis
Activation of vitamin D

112
Q
A

Biol235 Quiz 5 (4 decks)

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