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Biol235 Quiz 5 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

steps that occur during respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation
external (pulmonary) respiration
internal (tissue) respiration

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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing
exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
Inhalation: O2 in
Exhalation CO2 out

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3
Q

external (pulmonary) respiration

A

exchange of air between the alveoli and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane

pulmonary capillaries gain O2/lose CO2

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4
Q

internal (tissue) respiration

A

exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

blood loses O2 and gains CO2
cells have cellular respiration

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5
Q

cellular respiration

A

Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during ATP production

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6
Q

respiratory system parts/how classified

A

nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and
lungs
classified structurally 2 ways and functionally two ways

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7
Q

respiratory system structural classification

A

upper respiratory system: nose, nasal
cavity, pharynx, and associated structures
lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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8
Q

respiratory system functional classification

A

conducting zone: series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs (nose,
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles) Function->filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs

respiratory zone: consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli) Function->main sites of gas exchange between air and
blood

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9
Q

functions of respiratory system

A
  1. provides for gas exchange
  2. helps regulate blood pH
  3. contains receptors for sense of smell, filters air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and excretes small amounts of water and heat
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10
Q

what forms the boney framework of nose

A

frontal, nasal, maxilla bones

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11
Q

what forms the cartilaginous framework of the nose

A

septal (1)/lateral nasal (2)/alar (6?) cartilages connected by dense fibrous CT and adipose tissue

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12
Q

interior structure of internal nose functions (3)

A
  1. warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air
  2. detecting olfactory stimuli
  3. modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers
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13
Q

resonance

A

prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration

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14
Q

nasal septum formed by

A

anterior: hyaline cartilage
posterior: vomer and the perpendicular
plate of the ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones

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15
Q

external vs internal nares

A

nostrils lead to nasal vestibules vs nasal cavity communicates with pharynx by these two ducts

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16
Q

paranasal sinuses vs nasolacrimal ducts

A

mucus vs tears

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17
Q

what bones have paranasal sinuses

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae

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18
Q

nasal cavity divisions

A

respiratory region: larger/inferior
olfactory region: smaller/superior

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19
Q

nasal vestibule were/contain

A

anterior portion of nasal cavity, just inside nostrils, contains hairs to dust particles

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20
Q

function of conchae and meatuses function

A

increase SA and prevent dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation

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21
Q

pharynx (what/extends/made of)

A

throat
13cm (5in) from internal nares to cricoid cartilage (most inferior cartilage of the larynx)
skeletal muscle (outer circular/inner longitudinal) lined with MM

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22
Q

pharynx function

A

passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders

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23
Q

pharynx divisions

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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24
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate

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25
Q

soft palate (what/where/openings/tissue/tonsils/function)

A

an arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by MM

five openings: two internal nares, two openings that lead into the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes, and the opening into the oropharynx

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

pharyngeal tonsil

cilia move the mucus down toward the most inferior part of the pharynx, exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere

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26
Q

oropharynx (where/openings/tissue/tonsils/function)

A

posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly
to the level of the hyoid bone

one opening: fauces->opening from the mouth

nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelium

Two pairs of tonsils, the palatine and
lingual tonsils

common passageway for air, food, and drink

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27
Q

laryngopharynx (AKA/where/openings/tissue/tonsils/function)

A

hypopharynx
starts at hyoid and opens into the esophagus (food tube) posteriorly and the larynx (voice box) anteriorly

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

no tonsils

respiratory and a digestive pathway

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28
Q

larynx (what, connects, where, made of)

A

voicebox
connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
anterior to esophagus and C4-C6
nine pieces of cartilage

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29
Q

what are the pieces of cartilage that make up the larynx/which one is most important and why

A

9
Three occur singly (thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage)

three occur in pairs (arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages).

most important: arytenoid as influence changes in position and tension of the vocal folds

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30
Q

cavity of the larynx

A

space that extends from the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

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31
Q

laryngeal vestibule

A

portion of larynx cavity above the vestibular fold

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32
Q

thyroid cartilage (AKA/what)

A

adams apple
two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx
and give it a triangular shape

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33
Q

infraglottic cavity

A

portion of the cavity of the larynx below the vocal folds

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34
Q

epiglottis (what/shape/function)

A

large, leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium

elevation (swallowing) of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move
down and form a lid over the glottis to route liquids and foods into the esophagus and keep them out of the larynx and airways

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35
Q

glottis

A

consists of a pair of folds of MM, the vocal folds (true vocal cords) in the larynx, and the space between them called the rima glottidis

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36
Q

cricoid

A

singular
ring like hyaline cartilage forms inferior wall of larynx

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37
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

paired
triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior,
superior border of the cricoid cartilage

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38
Q

corniculate cartilages

A

paired
horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage, are located at the
apex of each arytenoid cartilage

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39
Q

lining of larynx superior to vocal folds vs inferior

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium vs ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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40
Q

cilia in the upper respiratory tract function

A

move mucus/dust down to pharynx

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41
Q

cilia in the lower respiratory tract function

A

move mucus/dust up to pharynx

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42
Q

vestibular folds vs vocal folds

A

superior/false vocal chords vs inferior/true vocal chords

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43
Q

rima vestibuli

A

space between vestibular folds

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44
Q

what happens when Intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract

A

move cartilages = pulls elastic ligaments tight = stretches vocal folds out into airways = rima glottidis narrows = more tension = more pressure of air = louder sound

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45
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

A

contraction = abduction of rima glottidis (open)

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46
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

A

contraction= adduction of rima glottidis (closed)

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47
Q

pitch

A

controlled by tension on the vocal folds

taut=increase vibration=higher pitch

men’s vocal folds are longer thicker to have deeper voice

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48
Q

sound

A

originates from vocal folds vibration but other strucutres are needed

pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses all act as resonating chambers that give the voice its human and individual quality

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49
Q

vowel sounds made by

A

constricting/relaxing pharynx

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50
Q

whispering

A

closing all but the posterior portion of the rima glottidis

no vibration=no pitch

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51
Q

trachea (AKA, where, divides)

A

windpipe
anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of T5 where it divided into R/L primary bronchi

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52
Q

layers of trachea wall

A

deep to superficial:
(1) mucosa, (2) submucosa, (3) hyaline cartilage, and (4) adventitia
(composed of areolar CT)

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53
Q

fibromuscular membrane

A

in the open part of each C-
shaped hyaline cartilage ring of the trachea (posteriorly)

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54
Q

trachealis muscle

A

transverse muscle within fibromuscular membrane that allow the trachea to change diameter during in/exhalation

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55
Q

branching of bronchiole tree

A

trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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56
Q

right vs left primary bronchus

A

right main bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left = aspirated object is more likely to enter and lodge in the right main
bronchus than the left

57
Q

carina

A

internal ridge formed by a posterior and somewhat inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage
MM is most sensitive and triggers cough reflex

58
Q

right vs left lobar bronchi

A

3 right vs 2 left

59
Q

club (Clara) cells (where,what,function)

A

terminal bronchioles contain columnar, nonciliated cells interspersed among the epithelial cells
may protect against harmful eff ects of inhaled toxins and carcinogens, produce surfactant, and function as stem cells (reserve cells), which give rise to various cells of the epithelium

60
Q

what happens beyond bronchial tree

A

branches become microscopic (Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts)

61
Q

respiratory passages from the trachea to the alveolar ducts contain how many generations of branching

A

about 23 (name followed by generation #)

conducting zone:
trachea (0)
Main bronchi (1)
Lobar and segmental bronchi (2-10)
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles (11-16)

Respiratory zone:
Respiratory bronchioles (17-19)
Alveolar ducts (20-22)
Alveolar sacs (23)

62
Q

as branching becomes more extensive, what structural changes happen

A
  1. MM in the bronchial tree changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the main/lobar/segmental bronchi to ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells in larger bronchioles, to mostly ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells in smaller bronchioles, to mostly nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles
  2. Plates of cartilage replace the C rings of cartilage in main bronchi and disappear in the distal bronchioles
  3. as amount of cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle
    increases
63
Q

serous membrane of lungs

A

parietal (wall)/visceral (lungs) pleura

pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid (reduces friction)

64
Q

mediastinal (medial) surface of each lung contains (and what is it known as)

A

hilum where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, and nerves enter and exit held by pleura/CT and are known as root of lung

65
Q

cardiac notch

A

in L lung where apex of heart lies

66
Q

lung fissures

A

oblique fissure: ant/inf in both
horizotnal fissure: in R lung

67
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

portion of lung tissue that each segmental bronchus supplies (after lobar bronchi)

68
Q

lobule (what,wrapped in, contains)

A

compartments in bronchopulmonary segment
wrapped in elastic CT
has lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

69
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

Terminal bronchioles
and lobule subdivide into microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles

70
Q

microscopic airways path

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

71
Q

what are the two types of alveolar cells

A

type I alveolar (squamous pulmonary epithelial) cells: simple squamous
epithelial cells that form a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall, gas exchange; more numerous

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells): found between type I, rounded or
cuboidal epithelial cells with free surfaces containing microvilli, secrete
alveolar fluid; less numerous

72
Q

alveolar fluid

A

secreted by type II alveolar cells
keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist

contains surfactant (mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins): lowers
the surface tension of alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse and thus maintains their patency

73
Q

surfactant (what/function/where)

A

mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins
lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse and thus maintains their patency
in alveolar fluid secreted by type II alveolar cells

74
Q

alveolar macrophages (dust
cells) (where/what)

A

in alveolar wall
phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris from
the alveolar spaces

75
Q

respiratory membrane

A

alveolar and capillary walls, which together form the resp membrane

4 layers

76
Q

layers of respiratory membrane

A
  1. alveolar wall: type I/II alveolar cells+alveolar macrophages
  2. epithelial basement membrane
  3. capillary basement membrane
  4. capillary endothelium
77
Q

vestibule (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous. No. No. Contains numerous hairs

78
Q

respiratory region of nose (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar. Yes. Yes. Contains conchae and meatuses

79
Q

olfactory region of nose (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Olfactory epithelium (olfactory
receptors). Yes. No. Functions in olfaction

80
Q

nasopharynx (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar. Yes. Yes. Passageway for air; contains internal nares, openings for auditory tubes, and pharyngeal tonsil.

81
Q

oropharynx (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous. No. No. Passageway for both air and food and drink; contains opening from mouth
(fauces).

82
Q

laryngopahrynx (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous. No. No. Passageway for both air and food and drink.

83
Q

larynx (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous. above vocal folds, ciliated pseudostratified columnar below the vocal folds.
No above folds; yes below folds.
No above folds; yes below folds.
Passageway for air; contains vocal folds
for voice production.

84
Q

trachea (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar Yes. Yes. Passageway for air; contains C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep trachea open.

85
Q

main bronchi (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar. Yes. Yes. Passageway for air; contain C-shaped rings of cartilage to maintain patency.

86
Q

lobar bronchi (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar. Yes. Yes. Passageway for air; contain plates of cartilage to maintain patency.

87
Q

segmental bronchi (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar. Yes. Yes. Passageway for air; contain plates of cartilage to maintain patency

88
Q

larger bronchioles (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Ciliated simple columnar. Yes. Yes. Passageway for air; contain more
smooth muscle than in the bronchi.

89
Q

smaller bronchioles (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Ciliated simple columnar. Yes. No. Passageway for air; contain more
smooth muscle than in the larger
bronchioles.

90
Q

terminal bronchioles (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Nonciliated simple columnar. No. No. Passageway for air; contain more
smooth muscle than in the smaller
bronchioles

91
Q

respiratory bronchioles (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Simple cuboidal to simple squamous. No. No. Passageway for air; gas exchange.

92
Q

alveolar ducts (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Simple squamous. No. No. Passageway for air; gas exchange; produce surfactant

93
Q

alveoli (epithelium, cilia, goblet cells, special functions)

A

Simple squamous. No. No. Passageway for air; gas exchange; produce surfactant to maintain patency

94
Q

resp membrane thickness

A

4 layers; 0.5 um (1/16 of RBC diameter)

95
Q

how many alveoli

A

300-500 million

96
Q

ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

during hypoxia, all BV dilate except in lungs
vasoconstriction diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lungs to well ventilated regions for more efficient gas exchange

97
Q

pulmonary arteries vs bronchiole arteries

A

from pulmonary trunk (R), give unoxygenated blood vs from aorta (L) give oxygenated blood

98
Q

what maintains patency

A

bony and cartilaginous frameworks of the
nose, skeletal muscles of the pharynx, cartilages of the larynx,
C-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi, smooth muscle
in the bronchioles, and surfactant in the alveoli.

99
Q

what compromises patency

A

crushing injuries to bone and cartilage, a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, inflammation of mucous membranes, spasms of smooth muscle, and a deficiency of surfactant

100
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

101
Q

compliance is related to what 2 principles

A

elasticity and surface tension

102
Q

decreased compliance is seen in conditions that cause

A
  1. lung tissue scarring (TB)
  2. cause lung tissue to become filled with pulmonary fluid (pulmonary edema)
  3. produce a deficiency in lung surfactant
  4. impede lung expansion
103
Q

airflow equals

A

pressure difference between the alveoli and the atmosphere divided by the resistance

104
Q

eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

105
Q

costal vs diaphragmatic breathing

A

outward movement of the chest due to contraction of the external intercostal vs outward movement of the abdomen due to the contraction and descent of the diaphragm

106
Q

coughing

A

deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the rima glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation that suddenly pushes the rima glottidis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages

stimulation: foreign body lodged in the larynx, trachea, or epiglottis

107
Q

sneezing

A

Spasmodic contraction of muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth

Stimulus: irritation of the nasal mucosa

108
Q

sighing

A

A long-drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation

109
Q

sobbing

A

A series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation. The rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lungs with each inhalation

110
Q

crying

A

An inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations, during which the rima glottidis remains open and the
vocal folds vibrate; accompanied by characteristic facial expressions and tears

111
Q

laughing

A

same as crying but facial expressions are different

112
Q

hiccuping

A

Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation.

Stimulus: irritation of the sensory nerve endings of the GI tract

113
Q

valsava maneuver

A

Forced exhalation against a closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while de

114
Q

pressurizing the middle ear

A

The nose and mouth are held closed and air from the lungs is forced through the auditory tube into the middle ear

115
Q

lung volumes vs lung capacities

A

can be measured directly using a spirometer vs combinations of different lung volumes

116
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A

volume of one breath

117
Q

what percentage of tidal volume typically reaches the respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli) adn participates in external respiration

A

75 percent (350mL of a normal 500mL breath)

118
Q

anatomic (respiratory) dead space

A

conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchange (oter 30 percent of tidal volume)

119
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

additional inhaled air of a deep breath

about 3100 mL in an average adult male and 1900 mL in an average adult female

120
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

normal inhalation followed by deep exhalation causing extra 1200 mL in males and 700 mL in females to be exhaled and is known as the ERV

121
Q

minimal volume (what/determines)

A

air remaining after thoracic cavity is opened
determines if baby was still born (lungs dont float) or died after birth (lungs float)

122
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
(500 mL + 3100 mL = 3600 mL in males and 500 mL + 1900 mL = 2400 mL in females)

123
Q

carbon dioxide transported in blood by (least to most)

A

dissolved CO2

Carbamino compounds: bound to Hb=carbaminohemoglobin

Bicarbonate ions

124
Q

chloride shift

A

exchange of negative ions, which maintains the electrical balance between blood plasma and RBC cytosol

HCO3− moves out into the blood plasma
Cl− move from plasma into the RBCs

125
Q

Haldane Effect

A

The lower the amount of oxyhemoglobin (Hb–O2), the higher the CO2-carrying
capacity of the blood

125
Q

how much mL of O2 is used by body cells at rest

A

200mL

126
Q

respiratory center 2 principal areas

A

medullary respiratory center in medulla oblongata
pontine respiratory group in pons

127
Q

medullary resp center 2 groups of neurons

A

dorsal resp group (DRG)
ventral resp group (VRG)

128
Q

dorsal resp group location/function

A

medullary resp center

send impulses to the diaphragm by phrenic nerves and to the external intercostal muscle by intercostal nerve for normal quiet breathing (contract for 2s=inhale, relax fro 3s=exhale)

stimulate VRG during forceful inhalation

129
Q

ventral resp group location/function

A

medullary resp center

contain preBötzinger complex (cluster of neurons) which control rhythm of breathing by pacemaker cells

used for forceful inhalation/exhalation

130
Q

pontine resp group function/location

A

pons
transmits nerve impulses to the DRG
modifies the basic rhythm of breathing generated by the VRG, as when exercising, speaking, or sleeping

131
Q

cortical influences on breathing (CC, hypothalamus, limbic)

A

CC allows us to control our breathing or stop it for some time ( PCO2
and H+ buildup stimulated DRG to start breathing again)

hypothalamus and limbic system also stimulate the respiratory center, allowing emotional stimuli to alter breathing
as, for example, in laughing and crying

132
Q

central vs peripheral chemoreceptors (location/function/CNS or PNS)

A

in/near medulla oblongata, respond to H+ and/or P CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid, CNS vs in aortic/carotid bodies, respond to P O2, P CO2, and/or H+ in blood, PNS

133
Q

increase in CO2 in blood makes cells

A

have a higher H+ concentration

134
Q

hypercapnia/hypercarbia

A

slight increase in P CO2 (below 40 mmHG) in arterial blood because central chemoreceptors increase H+
results in less P O2 which continues to fall due to positive feedback until death

135
Q

hyperventialtion

A

inhalation of more O2 and exhalation of more CO2 until PCO2 and H+ are lowered to normal

136
Q

hypocapnia/hypocarbia

A

arterial P CO2 is lower than 40 mmHg

central and peripheral chemoreceptors
are not stimulated, and stimulatory impulses are not sent to the DRG

DRG neurons set their own moderate pace until CO2 accumulates and the PCO2 rises to 40 mmH

137
Q

inflation reflex

A

uses baroreceptors to control stretch on external intercostals and diaphragm by inhibiting DRG

key component to infant breathing but only stimulated when the tidal volume (normally 500) is above 1500 in adults

138
Q
A

Biol235 Quiz 5 (4 decks)

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