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Biol235 Quiz 5 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

immunity def (resistance)

A

ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses

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2
Q

susceptibility def

A

vulnerability or lack of resistance

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3
Q

2 types of immunity

A

innate adaptive

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4
Q

innate immunity

A

non specific acts against all microbes the same way)
defenses present at birth
1st and 2nd line of defense

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5
Q

1st line of defense vs 2nd in innate immunity

A

the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes
antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever

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6
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specific response to specific microbe (adapts/adjusts)
lymphocytes (WBC), T cells B cells

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7
Q

body system responsible for adaptive immunity

A

lymphatic

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8
Q

lymphatic system components

A

lymph: interstitial fluid that passe through lymph vessels

lymphatic vessels

lymphatic tissues: specialized reticular CT with large # lymphocytes

red bone marrow

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9
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

drain excess interstitial fluid: drain and return to blood

transport dietary lipids: lipids and vit A,D,E,K from GI tract

carry out immune response: against specific microbes/abnormal cells

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10
Q

where are lymphatic capillaries found

A

everywhere except avascular tissues, CNS, portions of spleen, red bone marrow

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11
Q

lymphatic vs blood capillaries

A

L: greater permeability (absorb large molecules)/diameter, interstitial fluid can come in but not go out, more valves

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12
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries in SI carry dietary lipids into lymphatic
vessels and ultimately into the blood (chyle)

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13
Q

lymph from SI vs everwhere else

A

called chyle and is creamy white

lymph and is clear pale yellow

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14
Q

lymph trunks are

A

lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in a particular region of the body, they unite to form lymph trunks

AKA: Small lymphatic vessels join together to form trunks

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15
Q

principal lymph trunks

A

lumbar, intestinal,bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks

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16
Q

bronchimediastinal trunks drain

A

thoracic wall lung heart

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17
Q

subclavian trunk drains

A

upper limbs

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18
Q

how does lymph enter superior vena cava

A

upper right quadrant returns vis right brachiocephalic veins
everywhere else via left brachiocephalic vein

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19
Q

pumps that maintain flow of lymph

A

respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump

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20
Q

respiratory pump

A

inhale= lymph from abdomen to thoracic region
exhale=valves prevent backflow

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21
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

milking action forces lymph toward the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

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22
Q

primary lymphatic organs (def,what)

A

are the sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (capable of mounting an immune response)

red bone marrow: B cells, pre-T cells
thymus: pre-t cells become T cells

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23
Q

secondary lymphatic organs (def,what)

A

sites where most immune responses occur
lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic nodules

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24
Q

why are lymphatic nodules (follicles) not organs

A

lackl a CT capsule

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25
Q

capsule of thymus

A

one surrounding whole thing and one surrounding each lobe

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26
Q

trabeculae of thymus

A

extensions of the capsule and penetrate and divide each lobe into lobules

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27
Q

cortex of thymus

A

darkly staining
composed of large numbers of T cells and scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages (clear out debris)

pre-t cells travel from RBM and mature here

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28
Q

medulla of thymus

A

light staining
consists of widely scattered, more mature T cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
some epithelial cells filled with keratin=thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles.

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29
Q

thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles.

A

epithelial cells in thymus medulla that degenerate and become filled with keratohyalin granules and keratin
may serve as sites for t cell death

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30
Q

functional mass of thymus as baby vs old

A

70g to 3g as adipose and areolar CT replace

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31
Q

how many lymph nodes/where

A

along lymphatic vessels 600

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32
Q

lymph node trabeculae

A

capsular extensions divide the node into compartments, provide support, and provide a route for blood vessels into the interior of a node

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33
Q

outer cortex of lymph nodes

A

egg-shaped aggregates of B cells called lymphatic nodules

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34
Q

primary lymphatic nodule vs secondary (what is most common in outrer cortex of lymph nodes)

A

prim: mostly B cells
sec: form in response to an
antigen and are sites of plasma cell (antibody producing) and memory B cell formation

secondary most common

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35
Q

inner cortex of lymph nodes

A

no lymphatic nodules
consists mainly of T cells and dendritic cells (present antigens to t cells so they proliferate)

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36
Q

lymph node medulla

A

contains B cells, antibody-producing
plasma cells that have migrated out of the cortex into the medulla, and macrophages
has reticular fibers/cells

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37
Q

lymph flow into/through a lymph node

A

enters through afferent lymphatic vessels (valves towards)

sinuses (subcapsular->trabecular->medullary)

drain into efferent lymphatic vesels (valves away)

hilum: slight depression where BV join and leave node

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38
Q

how are lymph nodes a filter

A

lymph enters, reticular fibers trap foreign substances at sinuses

macrophags destroy by phagocytosis
lymphocytes destroy by immune response

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39
Q

largest single mass of lymphatic tissue

A

spleen

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40
Q

where is spleen

A

L hypochondriac between stomach and diaphragm

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41
Q

what passes through spleens hilum

A

splenic artery, splenic vein, efferent L vessels

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42
Q

white pulp (where,consists)

A

spleen
lymphatic tissue, consisting mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages arranged around branches of splenic artery (central arteries)

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43
Q

red pulp (where, consists)

A

spleen
consists of blood filled venous sinuses and splenic cords (Billroth’s cords)

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44
Q

white pulp function

A

B/T cells carry out immune functions
macrophages destroy blood-borne pathogens

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45
Q

red pulp function

A

(1) removal by macrophages of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells and platelets
(2) storage of platelets, up
to one-third of the body’s supply
(3) production of blood cells
(hemopoiesis) during fetal life

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46
Q

mucosaassociated lymphatic tissue (MALT).

A

AKA lymphatic nodules
called this because scattered throughout the lamina propria (connective tissue) of MM lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways

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47
Q

where are aggregations of lymphatic nodules

A

tonsils
Peyer’s patches in ileum of SI
appendix

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48
Q

five tonsils and function

A

1 pharyngeal: post wall of nasopharynx
2 palatine: post oral cavity, either side
2 lingual: base of tongue

strategically positioned to participate in immune responses against inhaled
or ingested foreign substances

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49
Q

first line of defense (innate)

A

skin/MM

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50
Q

epidermis

A

physical barrier, shedding removes microbes, sebum inhibits growth of bacteria/fungi

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51
Q

MM

A

secete mucus to trap microbes
nose: hairs trap/filter
resp: cilia move stuff towards throat

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52
Q

second line of defense (innate)

A

internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, fever

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52
Q

gastric juices

A

mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes,
and mucus
acidic: 1.2-3
destroy bacteria

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53
Q

interferons (INFs) (what/function/types)

A

antimicrobial substance
dont prevent viruses attaching/pentrating but prevent replication with antiviral proteins
3 types: alpha-, beta-,and gamma-IFN

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53
Q

4 types of antimicrobial substances

A

interferons
complement
iron-binding proteins
antimicrobial proteins

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54
Q

complement system (what/function)

A

antimicrobial substance
inactive proteins in blood plasma and on PM, when activated they enhance reactions: cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation

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55
Q

iron-binding proteins (what. functions, types)

A

antimicrobial substance
inhibit growth of bactria by reducing iron
transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, and hemoglobin

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55
Q

antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

A

antimicrobial substance
short peptides
kill a wide range of microbes, attract dendritic cells and mast cells, which participate in immune responses
dont develop resistance

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56
Q

how many lymphocytes in blood are NK cells

A

5-10 percent

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57
Q

NK cell function/line of defense

A

2nd
attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma
membrane proteins

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58
Q

perforin (released by/function)

A

in granules released by NK cells, cause perforations in cell membrane=inflow of ECF=cytolysis

59
Q

granzymes

A

in granule released by NK cells

60
Q

phagocytes (what/types/function)

A

NK cells
neutrophils/macrophages
infection=neutrophils/monocytes travel to=monocytes become macrophages, both do phagocytosis

61
Q

phagocytosis 5 stages

A

chemotaxis: phagocytes travel to damage

adherence: attachment of phagocyte

ingestion: pseudopods surround MO=phagosome

digestion: phagolysosome; oxidative burst

killing: not degraded materials=residual bodies

62
Q

phagolysosome

A

during digestion of phagocytosis whe phagosome enters and merges with lysosome

63
Q

oxidative burst

A

during digestion of phagocytosis when phagocyte forms lethal oxidants

64
Q

inflammation signs/symptoms

A

PRISH

Pain: due to release of chemicals
redness: blood to area
Immobility: severe case
swelling: accumulation of fluids
heat: blood to area

65
Q

inflammatory response three stages

A

(1) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
(2) emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial fluid
(3) tissue repair

66
Q

substances contributing to vasodilation (5)

A

histamine: vasodilatiom/permeability

kinins: vasodilation/permeability

prostaglandins: intensify histamine/kinins

leukotrienes: permeability/attract phagocytes

complement: complement system

67
Q

emigration depends on/happens when

A

chemotaxis
an hour after inflammation starts

68
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase in WBC in blood

69
Q

acute vs chronic inflammation (development, lasting, principal defensive cells)

A

develop rapidly, last days to weeks, neutrophils vs develop slowly, several months to years, monocytes/macrophages

70
Q

fever

A

Intensifies effects of interferons; inhibits growth of some microbes; speeds up body reactions that aid repair

71
Q

two properties distinguishing adaptive immunity

A

specificity
memory

72
Q

two mature t cells that exit thymus

A

helper T cells AKA CD4 cells
cytotoxic t cells AKA CD8 cells

73
Q

cell body vs antibody mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells directly attacking antigens vs B cells -> plasma cells= secrete antibodies

helper t cells help with both

74
Q

cell mediated immunity effective against

A

intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are inside cells)

some cancer cells

foreign tissue transplants.

75
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity effective against

A

extracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are in
body fluids outside cells)

76
Q

antibody mediated immunity AKA

A

humoral immunity (as effective against humors/fluids)

77
Q

clonel selection (what/result/occurs)

A

process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen

result=clone (effector/memory)

occurs in secondary lymphatic organs/tissues

78
Q

effector cells (what, lifespan, includes)

A

lymphocyte clones that carry out immune response;most die after immune response

includes:
active helper T cells
active cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells (part of a B cell clone)

79
Q

memory cells (what, lifespan, includes)

A

lymphocytes clones that proliferate into effector cells when antibodies enter again; don’t die after immune response

includes:
memory helper T cells
memory cytotoxic T cells
memory b cells

80
Q

reactivity

A

ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked

80
Q

complete antigens

A

both immunogenicity/reactivity

81
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both

82
Q

epitopes (antigenic determinants)

A

certain small parts of a large antigen molecule acts as the trigger for an immune response

83
Q

Antigens that get past the innate defenses generally follow one of
three routes into lymphatic tissue

A
  1. most that enter bloodstream are trapped in spleen
  2. penetrate skin=enter lymphatic vessels and lodge in lymph nodes
  3. penetrate mucous membranes=entrapped by mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT).
84
Q

hapten

A

small particle that has reactivity but not immunogenicity
immune response if attached to larger carrier protein

85
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (what/function)

A

self antigens in PM of all cells except RBC
normal function is to help T cells recognize that an antigen is
foreign, not self
reason for transplant rejecetion

86
Q

class I vs class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

in PM of all cells except RBC vs on antigen-presenting cells

87
Q

antigen presentation

A

insertion of MHC into PM

88
Q

exogenous antigens

A

foreign antigens that are present in fluids outside body cells

89
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

specialized cells that process and present exogenous antigens

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

90
Q

steps in the processing and presenting of an exogenous antigen by an antigen-presenting cell

A
  1. ingestion of antigen
    2.digestion of antigen into peptide fragments
  2. synthesis of MHC-II molecules at ER
  3. packaging of MHC-II molecules into vesicles
  4. fusion of vesicles
  5. binding of peptide fragments to MHC-II molecules
  6. insertion of antigen-MHC-II complexes into PM
91
Q

processing of endogenous antigens by infected body cell

A
  1. Digestion of antigen into peptide fragments
  2. Synthesis of MHC-I molecules
  3. Binding of peptide fragments to MHC-I molecules
  4. Packaging of antigen–MHC-I molecules
  5. Insertion of antigen–MHC-I complexes into the plasma
    membrane
92
Q

cytokines

A

small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation

93
Q

T cell receptors (TCRs)

A

antigen receptors on T cell surface recognize and bind specific antigen fragments of a MHC complex

94
Q

coreceptors

A

CD4 or CD8 proteins that interact with the MHC antigens and help maintain the TCR–MHC coupling

95
Q

costimulation

A

T cell becomes activated when antigen binds to it and one more signal at the same time

When you insert the correct key (antigen) in the ignition (TCR) and turn it, the car starts (recognition of specific antigen), but it cannot move forward until you move the gear shift into
drive (costimulation).

96
Q

costimulators

A

interleukin-2 (IL-2) / other cytokines
pairs of PM molecules one on T cell one on antigen

97
Q

anergy

A

state of inactivity when recognition (antigen binding to receptor) without costimulation happens

ex. leaving car in neutral until it runs out of gas

98
Q

what do active helper t cells (CD4 T cells) start secreting after an hour of costimulation and what is its importance

A

Interleukin II (IL-2)
needed for virtually all immune responses
prime trigger of T cell proliferation
as a costimulator for resting helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells
enhances activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
positive feedback loop as autocrine or paracrine (costimulator)

99
Q

T cells displaying CD4 vs CD8

A

helper T cells vs cytotoxic T cells

100
Q

cytotoxic cells (CD8 cells) recognize what

A

foreign antigens combined with MHC-I on the surface of:
1. body cells infected by microbes
2. some tumor cells
3. cells of tissue transplant

101
Q

what do cytotoxic cells (CD8 cells) need to use as a costimulator

A

interleukin-2 (IL-2) other cytokines produced by active helper T cells
that have already become bound to copies of the same antigen

102
Q

cytotoxic T cells vs NK cells

A

have receptors/kill only one type of microbe vs destroy a wide variety of microbe-infected body cells

103
Q

cytotoxic T cells using granzymes to kill microbes

A

using receptors, recognize and
bind to infected target cells that have microbial antigens displayed
on their surface. The cytotoxic T cell then releases granzymes, protein-digesting enzymes that trigger apoptosis Once the infected cell is destroyed, the released microbes are killed by phagocytes.

104
Q

cytotoxic cells using perforin and granulysin

A

perforin makes channels into PM=ECF in=cytolysis
granulysin enters channels and destroys microbes

105
Q

lymphotoxin

A

toxic molecule released by cytotoxic T cells that activated enzymes in target cell=DNA fragments=death

106
Q

tumor antigens

A

normal cell that transforms into cancerous cell displays these components

107
Q

immunological surveillance

A

immune responses carried out by cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and NK cells to remove tumour cells caused by cancerous causing viruses

108
Q

immunosuppressive drugs to prevent transplant rejection cause an increased chance in

A

virus-associated cancers (other cancer types aren’t increased)

109
Q

B cells stay put in

A

a lymph node, the spleen, or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

110
Q

can B cells respond to an unprocessed antigen present in lymph or interstitial fluid

A

yes but their response is much more intense when they process the antigen

111
Q

antigen in a B cell processing occurs

A

antigen into B cell, broken down into peptide fragments, combined with MHC-II self-antigens, and moved to B cell PM
Helper T cells recognize the antigen–MHC-II complex and produce interleukin-2 and other cytokines that function as costimulators to activate B cells

112
Q

A few days after exposure to an antigen, a ____ _____ secretes hundreds of millions of antibodies each day for about ___ or ___ days, until the plasma cell dies

A

plasma cell
4
5

113
Q

antibodys AKA

A

immynoglobulins (Igs)

114
Q

antibody structure

A

2 heavy chains: 450 AA+short carbohydrate chain attached to each heavy
2 light chains: 220 AA
disulfide bond (S-S) holds light to heavy and midregion to heavy
hinge region: T or Y shape
stem region: beyond hinge region

115
Q

epitope

A

part of antigen that connects with antibody

116
Q

antibody actions

A

neutralizing antigen
immobilizing bacteria
agglutinating and precipitating antigen (clump together)
activating complement
enhancing phagocytosis

117
Q

IgG (percentage, found, size, protection, special)

A

80 percent of AB in blood
found in blood lymph intestines
monomer
Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering complement system
can cross placenta

117
Q

classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

117
Q

IgM (percentage, found, size, protection, special)

A

5-10
blood/lymph
pentamers (5), monomers on B cells
1st antibody secreted, activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes
anti-A/B antibodies of ABO blood group are IgM

117
Q

IgA (percentage, found, size, protection, special)

A

10-15
mainly sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and GI secretions some in blood/lymph
monomers and dimers
Provides localized protection of MM
against bacteria and viruses
levels decrease during stress=less resistance

118
Q

IgD (percentage, found, size, protection)

A

0.2
surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors
monomers
involved in activation of B cells

119
Q

IgE (percentage, found, size, protection, special)

A

less than 0.1
on mast cells and basophils
monomers
Involved in
allergic and hypersensitivity reactions; protects against parasitic worms

120
Q

complement system

A

defensive system made up of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in blood plasma and within tissues throughout the body
destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation; they also prevent excessive damage to
body tissues

121
Q

complement cascade of reactions

A
  1. inactivated Cs splits to activated C3a/C3b
  2. C3b binds to microbe/phagocytes attach to C3b=enhances phagocytosis by opsonization (coating a microbe)
  3. C3b splits C5, C5b binds to C6/C7 and attach to PM of microbe, C8 and C9 join the other complement proteins and together form a cylinder-shaped membrane attack complex, which inserts into the plasma membrane
  4. membrane attack complex makes channels=cytolysis
  5. C3a/C5a bind to mast cells=histamine release=inflammation, C5a attracts phagocytes to inflammation (chemotaxis)
122
Q

C3 activated 3 ways

A

classical pathway: antibodies bind to antigens=activates C1=C3 activates=phagocytosis, cytolysis, inflammation

alternative pathway: initiated by an interaction between lipid–carbohydrate complexes on the surface of microbes and complement protein factors
B, D, and P (no antibodies)

lectin pathway: macrophages that digest microbes release chemicals that cause the liver to produce proteins called lectins. Lectins bind to the carbohydrates on the surface of microbes=C3 activation

123
Q

immunological memory

A

due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during clonal selection of antigen-stimulated B cells and T cells

124
Q

primary vs secondary response

A

prim: After an initial contact with an antigen, no antibodies are present for a period of several days. Then, a slow rise in the antibody titer occurs, first IgM and then IgG, followed by a gradual decline in antibody titer

sec: After subsequent encounters, the antibody titer is far greater than during a primary response and consists mainly of IgG antibodies

125
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

Following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B cells and T cells and costimulation lead to formation of antibodysecreting plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B and T memory cells

126
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA antibodies are transferred from mother to baby in milk during breast-feeding

127
Q

artificially aquired active immunity

A

Antigens introduced during vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses, leading to production of memory cells. Antigens are pretreated to be immunogenic but not pathogenic (they will trigger an immune response but not cause significant illness)

128
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

intravenous injection of Igs (antibodies)

129
Q

T cells two traits

A

self-recognition: recognize your own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
self-tolerance: lack reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins

130
Q

positive selection

A

Pre-T cells in the thymus develop the capability for self-recognition
some pre-T cells express T-cell receptors (TCRs) that interact with self MHC proteins on epithelial cells in the thymic cortex

131
Q

negative selection

A

development of self-tolerance occurs by a weeding-out process in which t cells interact with dendritic cells at junction of cortex and medulla in thymus
deletion: self-reactive undergo apoptosis
anergy: remain alive but unresponsive to antigenic stimulation

132
Q

how many immature T cells survive positive and negative selection

A

1-5 percent

133
Q

B cells develop self-tolerance by

A

undergoing deletion in bone marrow and anergy when released into blood

134
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages
dendritic cell
b cell

135
Q

macrophage review

A

Processing and presentation of foreign antigens to T cells

secretion of interleukin-1, which stimulates secretion of interleukin-2
by helper T cells and induces proliferation of B cells

secretion of interferons that stimulate T cell growth

136
Q

dendritic cell review

A

Processes and presents antigen to T cells and B cells; found in mucous membranes, skin, lymph nodes

137
Q

B cell review (as antigen-presenting cell)

A

Processes and presents antigen to helper T cells

138
Q

cytotoxic t cell review

A

Kills host target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis, perforin that forms channels to cause cytolysis, granulysin that destroys microbes, lymphotoxin that destroys target cell DNA, gamma-interferon that attracts macrophages and increases
their phagocytic activity, and macrophage migration inhibition factor that prevents macrophage migration from site of infection

139
Q

helper t cell review

A

Cooperates with B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells and secretes interleukin-2, which stimulates proliferation of T cells and B cells

May secrete gamma-IFN and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which stimulate inflammatory response

140
Q

memory t cell review

A

Remains in lymphatic tissue and recognizes original invading antigens, even years after first encounter

141
Q

b cell review (as lymphocyte)

A

Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell

142
Q

plasma cell review

A

Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies

143
Q

memory b cell review

A

Descendant of B cell that remains after immune response and is ready to respond rapidly and forcefully should the same antigen enter body in future

Biol235 Quiz 5 (4 decks)

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