Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 4 Laws of Nature?
- Energy moves high to low.
- Matter moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (diffusion)
- Gases flow from areas of high to areas of low pressure
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted or transferred.
What do you breathe?
In oxygen, out CO2
Why do we breath?
To create ATP, energy for everything that we do.
What are the 5 functions of the rspiratory system?
- Provide extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
- Moves air to and from exchange surfaces
- Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
- produces sound
- participates in olfactory sense (smell)
What are the two systems of the Respiratory System?
Upper - above the larynx
Lower - below the larynx
What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
filter and humidify air, moist surface provides and area for diffusion.
What is the function of the lower respiratory system?
from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles and aveoli, is lined with respiratory mucosa that helps trap debri
What is respiratory mucosa?
epithelium, underlying
What is the alveoli?
air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange takes place
Upper R Tract contains what?
Lamina propria contains mucous glands
Lower R Tract contains what?
Lamina propria contains bundles of smooth muscle
What is lamina propria?
layer under stem cells and basal lamina that supports respiratory epithelium
What is the function of Cilia?
sweeps debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx
What are the components of the Respiratory Defense System?
Filtration mechanisms that remove particles and pathogens. Mucous cells and glands, Cilia, and Alveolar Macrophages.
What is the function of mucous cells and glands?
produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces, traps microbes and debris, and creates humidity.
What is the Larynx?
cartilaginous structure that surrounds the glottis
What is the glottis?
narrow opening to the trachea
What is the epiglottis?
flap in the glottus that keeps that food from going down the Rs instead of the esophogas
What does the tension in your larynx do?
controlled by muscles and creates the pitch of your voice. The pitch of your voice is controlled by the size of your larynx and how tight it is which is controlled by the size of your body.
The alveoli walls must be very ___ and have a ____ surface area for efficient gas exchange.
thin, large.
What are the extrapulmonary Bronchi?
left and right branches formed outside of the lungs
What is intrapulmonary Bronchi?
Branches in the lungs
List the order of bronchioles.
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Brochopulmonary Segment
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Respiratory Broncioles
- Alveoli
What are bronchioles made of?
smooth muscle
What are the lobes of the lungs?
Right: Superior, Middle, Inferior (wider and shorter bc the liver is pushing it up)
Left: Superior, Inferior (shaped differently because your heart is there - longer bc it’s pushed in)
What occurs in the Respiratory bronchioles?
gas exchange
What is the respiratory membrane?
thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place
What is the function of Surfactant?
oily secretion that coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension, keeps alveoli from collapsing
What is the function of Surfactant?
oily secretion that coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension, keeps alveoli from collapsing
What is the respiratory membrane composed of?
- Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Endolethial cell lining an adjacent capillary
- Fused basal lamina
What makes the respiratory membrane efficient?
the short distance
What is a Pleura?
membranes around the lungs
Where is the parietal pleura located?
attached to the outer cavity of the thoracic cavity of the chest. Attached to the muscles of the
What is the parietal pleura?
membrane directly on the lungs
What is Pleural fluid?
lubricates the space between the parietal and visceral pleura in an effort to keep them moving in sync
What are the two forms of Gas Exchange?
Internal and External
What does External Respiration involve?
all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment (everything lung related)
What does Internal Respiration involve?
also called ‘Cellular Respiration’, involves the uptake of O2 and Production of CO2 within individual cells
What are the 3 processes of External Respiration?
- Ventilation of the lungs (breathing)
- Gas diffusion (across membranes and capillaries)
- Transport of O2 and CO2
Where does Gas Diffusion occur?
across membranes and capillaries
Where does the transportation of O2 and CO2 occur?
between alveolar capillaries and between capillary beds in other tissues
What is the function of Pulmonary Respiration?
Maintain alveolar ventilation which gets oxygen to the alveoli and prevents CO2 from building up
What is Boyles Law?
defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume (inverse relationship)
What happens to your diaphragm when your lungs contract?
The diaphragm goes down
Diaphragm contracts down
lung volume decreases
What is Normal Atmospheric Pressure?
the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and environmental pressure
What is the Tidal Volume?
amount of air moved in and out of lungs
What two things happen when you inhale?
The Diaphragm contracts
External intercostal muscles move down
What two things happen when you exhale?
internal intercostal and transversus thoracic muscles (near mediasternum) that depress the ribs – squeezes everything up.
What is the respiratory rate?
Number of breaths per minute
What is the Tidal volume?
volume of air moved per breath
What is your Respiratory Minute Volume?
amount of air you’ve moved per minute measures pulmonary ventilation (respiratory rate x tidal volume)
What is the reserve of air remaining in conducting passages?
Anatomic Dead Space
What is Alveolar Ventilation?
the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute -
(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x respiratory rate
Where is oxygen the highest? lowest?
Lungs, tissues (pick CO2 up in the tissues)
What is Dalton’s Laws?
Whatever gas you have the most of is going to make the most pressure
What is Henry’s Law?
increase partial pressure, increase number of gas molecules, decrease volume
What is ‘partial pressure?’
pressure contributed by a single gas - what is the pressure of that particular gas?
What is gas content?
actual amount of gas in the solution
What makes gas exchange efficient?
- Substantial differences in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane
2 Distances involved in gas exchange are short - o2 and CO2 are lipid soluble and can cross the membrane readily
- Total surface area is very thin and very large
- Blood flow and air flow are coordinated, improves pulmonary ventilation and circulation
What part of the heart goes into the right ventricle?
right atrium - coming back from the body and is deoxygenated
Is blood arriving in the pulmonary arteries oxygenated or dexygenated
Deoxygenated - coming from the body through the heart to travel through pulmonary artieries to the lungs
What is the direct of the gas exchange?
When traveling from the lungs, the Oxygen diffuses into the tissues and the CO2 diffuses into the blood
What is hemoglobin?
4 peptide chains, one that carries iron which carries oxygen - when it carries oxygen it’s saturated
What is hemoglobin saturation?
The percent of the hemoglobin that has oxygen.
Where does hemoglobin saturate?
In the lungs. When oxygen is high, hemoglobin is saturated.
What happens to hemoglobin when oxygen increases?
Hemoglobin becomes more saturated
What happens when you’re generating CO2?
It produces Hydrogen Ions that lowers the pH of the blood
What happens when you work out?
Your pH lowers bc of all the CO2 you are generating
What is is called when your CO2 increases Hydrogen Ions and lowers the pH of the blood?
Bohr Effect
What happens when CO2 is generated in the body?
It mixes with water to form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) - the enzyme is Carboni anhydrase.
CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 —> HCO3- + H+
What is 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
This makes Hemoglobin let go of oxygen, doesn’t allow them to bind
What is BPG rises?
pH increase
What if BpG lowers?
hemoglobin won’t release oxygen
How does CO2 Transport work?
Pick it up in the tissues and take it back to your lungs. Most of it is picked up and turned into Carbonic Acid
70% - Carbonic Acid (HCO3)
23% - Hemoglobin picks up some of it (carbaminoacid)
7% - dissolved in the plasma
What is the chloride shift?
The cell is going to exchange H2CO3 out and take Choloride in. Occurs without ATP.
