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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Laws of Nature?

A
  1. Energy moves high to low.
  2. Matter moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (diffusion)
  3. Gases flow from areas of high to areas of low pressure
  4. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted or transferred.
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2
Q

What do you breathe?

A

In oxygen, out CO2

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3
Q

Why do we breath?

A

To create ATP, energy for everything that we do.

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4
Q

What are the 5 functions of the rspiratory system?

A
  1. Provide extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
  2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces
  3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
  4. produces sound
  5. participates in olfactory sense (smell)
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5
Q

What are the two systems of the Respiratory System?

A

Upper - above the larynx

Lower - below the larynx

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6
Q

What is the function of the upper respiratory system?

A

filter and humidify air, moist surface provides and area for diffusion.

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7
Q

What is the function of the lower respiratory system?

A

from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles and aveoli, is lined with respiratory mucosa that helps trap debri

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8
Q

What is respiratory mucosa?

A

epithelium, underlying

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9
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange takes place

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10
Q

Upper R Tract contains what?

A

Lamina propria contains mucous glands

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11
Q

Lower R Tract contains what?

A

Lamina propria contains bundles of smooth muscle

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12
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

layer under stem cells and basal lamina that supports respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

What is the function of Cilia?

A

sweeps debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx

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14
Q

What are the components of the Respiratory Defense System?

A

Filtration mechanisms that remove particles and pathogens. Mucous cells and glands, Cilia, and Alveolar Macrophages.

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15
Q

What is the function of mucous cells and glands?

A

produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces, traps microbes and debris, and creates humidity.

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16
Q

What is the Larynx?

A

cartilaginous structure that surrounds the glottis

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17
Q

What is the glottis?

A

narrow opening to the trachea

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18
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

flap in the glottus that keeps that food from going down the Rs instead of the esophogas

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19
Q

What does the tension in your larynx do?

A

controlled by muscles and creates the pitch of your voice. The pitch of your voice is controlled by the size of your larynx and how tight it is which is controlled by the size of your body.

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20
Q

The alveoli walls must be very ___ and have a ____ surface area for efficient gas exchange.

A

thin, large.

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21
Q

What are the extrapulmonary Bronchi?

A

left and right branches formed outside of the lungs

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22
Q

What is intrapulmonary Bronchi?

A

Branches in the lungs

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23
Q

List the order of bronchioles.

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Brochopulmonary Segment
  5. Terminal Bronchioles
  6. Respiratory Broncioles
  7. Alveoli
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24
Q

What are bronchioles made of?

A

smooth muscle

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25
Q

What are the lobes of the lungs?

A

Right: Superior, Middle, Inferior (wider and shorter bc the liver is pushing it up)
Left: Superior, Inferior (shaped differently because your heart is there - longer bc it’s pushed in)

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26
Q

What occurs in the Respiratory bronchioles?

A

gas exchange

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27
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place

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28
Q

What is the function of Surfactant?

A

oily secretion that coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension, keeps alveoli from collapsing

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29
Q

What is the function of Surfactant?

A

oily secretion that coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension, keeps alveoli from collapsing

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30
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

A
  1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
  2. Endolethial cell lining an adjacent capillary
  3. Fused basal lamina
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31
Q

What makes the respiratory membrane efficient?

A

the short distance

32
Q

What is a Pleura?

A

membranes around the lungs

33
Q

Where is the parietal pleura located?

A

attached to the outer cavity of the thoracic cavity of the chest. Attached to the muscles of the

34
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

membrane directly on the lungs

35
Q

What is Pleural fluid?

A

lubricates the space between the parietal and visceral pleura in an effort to keep them moving in sync

36
Q

What are the two forms of Gas Exchange?

A

Internal and External

37
Q

What does External Respiration involve?

A

all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment (everything lung related)

38
Q

What does Internal Respiration involve?

A

also called ‘Cellular Respiration’, involves the uptake of O2 and Production of CO2 within individual cells

39
Q

What are the 3 processes of External Respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation of the lungs (breathing)
  2. Gas diffusion (across membranes and capillaries)
  3. Transport of O2 and CO2
40
Q

Where does Gas Diffusion occur?

A

across membranes and capillaries

41
Q

Where does the transportation of O2 and CO2 occur?

A

between alveolar capillaries and between capillary beds in other tissues

42
Q

What is the function of Pulmonary Respiration?

A

Maintain alveolar ventilation which gets oxygen to the alveoli and prevents CO2 from building up

43
Q

What is Boyles Law?

A

defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume (inverse relationship)

44
Q

What happens to your diaphragm when your lungs contract?

A

The diaphragm goes down

45
Q

Diaphragm contracts down

A

lung volume decreases

46
Q

What is Normal Atmospheric Pressure?

A

the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and environmental pressure

47
Q

What is the Tidal Volume?

A

amount of air moved in and out of lungs

48
Q

What two things happen when you inhale?

A

The Diaphragm contracts

External intercostal muscles move down

49
Q

What two things happen when you exhale?

A

internal intercostal and transversus thoracic muscles (near mediasternum) that depress the ribs – squeezes everything up.

50
Q

What is the respiratory rate?

A

Number of breaths per minute

51
Q

What is the Tidal volume?

A

volume of air moved per breath

52
Q

What is your Respiratory Minute Volume?

A

amount of air you’ve moved per minute measures pulmonary ventilation (respiratory rate x tidal volume)

53
Q

What is the reserve of air remaining in conducting passages?

A

Anatomic Dead Space

54
Q

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

A

the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute -

(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x respiratory rate

55
Q

Where is oxygen the highest? lowest?

A

Lungs, tissues (pick CO2 up in the tissues)

56
Q

What is Dalton’s Laws?

A

Whatever gas you have the most of is going to make the most pressure

57
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

increase partial pressure, increase number of gas molecules, decrease volume

58
Q

What is ‘partial pressure?’

A

pressure contributed by a single gas - what is the pressure of that particular gas?

59
Q

What is gas content?

A

actual amount of gas in the solution

60
Q

What makes gas exchange efficient?

A
  1. Substantial differences in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane
    2 Distances involved in gas exchange are short
  2. o2 and CO2 are lipid soluble and can cross the membrane readily
  3. Total surface area is very thin and very large
  4. Blood flow and air flow are coordinated, improves pulmonary ventilation and circulation
61
Q

What part of the heart goes into the right ventricle?

A

right atrium - coming back from the body and is deoxygenated

62
Q

Is blood arriving in the pulmonary arteries oxygenated or dexygenated

A

Deoxygenated - coming from the body through the heart to travel through pulmonary artieries to the lungs

63
Q

What is the direct of the gas exchange?

A

When traveling from the lungs, the Oxygen diffuses into the tissues and the CO2 diffuses into the blood

64
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

4 peptide chains, one that carries iron which carries oxygen - when it carries oxygen it’s saturated

65
Q

What is hemoglobin saturation?

A

The percent of the hemoglobin that has oxygen.

66
Q

Where does hemoglobin saturate?

A

In the lungs. When oxygen is high, hemoglobin is saturated.

67
Q

What happens to hemoglobin when oxygen increases?

A

Hemoglobin becomes more saturated

68
Q

What happens when you’re generating CO2?

A

It produces Hydrogen Ions that lowers the pH of the blood

69
Q

What happens when you work out?

A

Your pH lowers bc of all the CO2 you are generating

70
Q

What is is called when your CO2 increases Hydrogen Ions and lowers the pH of the blood?

A

Bohr Effect

71
Q

What happens when CO2 is generated in the body?

A

It mixes with water to form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) - the enzyme is Carboni anhydrase.

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 —> HCO3- + H+

72
Q

What is 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

A

This makes Hemoglobin let go of oxygen, doesn’t allow them to bind

73
Q

What is BPG rises?

A

pH increase

74
Q

What if BpG lowers?

A

hemoglobin won’t release oxygen

75
Q

How does CO2 Transport work?

A

Pick it up in the tissues and take it back to your lungs. Most of it is picked up and turned into Carbonic Acid

70% - Carbonic Acid (HCO3)
23% - Hemoglobin picks up some of it (carbaminoacid)
7% - dissolved in the plasma

76
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

The cell is going to exchange H2CO3 out and take Choloride in. Occurs without ATP.

Anatomy & Physiology II (5 decks)

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