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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 22 - Lymphoid System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Lymphoid System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cells involved in Innate immunity?

A

Macrophages, Neutrophils, and Eosinophils

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2
Q

What are the cells involved in Adaptive immunity?

A

B & T Lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are the differences between Innate & Adaptive Immunity?

A

Innate is front line, nonspecific, localized, and has no memory. Adaptive is second line, specific, specialized, and has memory.

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4
Q

What is the function of Lymphoid Vessels?

A

Carries lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. Starts with the smallest vessels: Lymphatic Capillaries.

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5
Q

How do Lymphatic Capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A
  1. Start as pockets instead of tube
  2. Have larger diameters
  3. Have thinner walls
  4. Flat or irregular in section
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6
Q

What is the function/structure of the Lymphatic Tissues?

A

Tissues are connective tissues that are dominated by lymphocytes

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7
Q

Antibodies crossing the placenta to provide immunity for the fetus is an

A

Passive Immunity

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8
Q

What are the components of the Lymphoid System Organs?

A

Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen

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9
Q

What is Active Immunity?

A

Antibodies develop after exposure to antigen. Induced through vaccines containing pathogens. Naturally acquired through environmental exposure to pathogens.

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10
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

Antibodies are transferred from another source. Naturally acquired from mother to fetus. Induced by an injection of antibodies.

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11
Q

What are the organs of the immune system?

A
  1. Tonsils & Adenoids
  2. Thymus
  3. Lymph Nodes
  4. Appendix
  5. Bone Marrow
  6. Lymphatic Vessels
  7. Spleen
  8. Peyer’s Patches
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12
Q

What is the function of the Lymphoid System?

A

produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes

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13
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Lymphoid Tissues, Organs, and Red Bone Marrow

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14
Q

How do lymphocytes circulate?

A

from blood to interstitial fluid through capillaries.

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15
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel or organ

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16
Q

What are lacteals?

A

special lymphatic capillaries in a small intestin transport lipids from digestive tract.

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17
Q

Where does lymph flow?

A

From capillaries to small vessels to large lymphatic vessels.

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18
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelial cells loosely bound together without overlapping, include a one-way valve that allows fluids, solutes, viruses, and bacteria to enter, but not return to intercellular space.

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19
Q

What are the two major sets of lymphatic vessels?

A

Superficial Lymphatics and Deep Lymphatics

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20
Q

What are Superficial lymphatics?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities

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21
Q

What are deep lymphatics?

A

Larger vessels that accompany deep arteries and veins supplying skeletal muscles and organs

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22
Q

Where do Deep and Superficial Lymphatics join and where do they empty?

A

They join to form large lymphatic trucks that empty into two major collecting vessels: Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct.

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23
Q

What is a lymphoid nodule?

A

areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes and a germinal center that contains dividing lymphocytes

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24
Q

Where are lymphoid nodules located?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, respiratory tract (tonsils), digestive, and urinary tracts.

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25
Q

What are the tissues of the lymphoid system?

A

MALT, Appendix

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26
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the digestive system that has aggregated lymphoid nodules clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining

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27
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Located in the MALT, they are aggregated lymphoid nodules clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining.

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28
Q

What are the components of Lymphoid Organs?

A

Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen

29
Q

What is the structure of a Lymph Node?

A

covered by capsule of dense connective tissue

30
Q

What is Trabeculae?

A

bundles of collagen fibers extend from capsule into interior of lymph node

31
Q

What is Hilum?

A

Shallow indentation where blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node

32
Q

What are the function of Efferent Vessels in the lymph nodes?

A

Leave the node at hilum and carry lymph to venous circulation

33
Q

What are the function of Afferent Vessels in the lymph nodes?

A

Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the node

34
Q

What is the flow sequence of lymph flow from afferent lymphatics?

A
  1. From subcapsular space
  2. Through outer cortex
  3. through deep cortex
  4. Through the core (medulla)
  5. Into Hilum and efferent lymphatics
35
Q

What is the function of Lymph Nodes?

A

purify lymph before it returns to venous circulation

36
Q

How do Lymph Nodes cleanse lymph?

A

fixed macrophages, dendritic cells engulf pathogens and present them to the B & T Lymphocytes

37
Q

Where this the thymus located?

A

in the mediastinum

38
Q

What are the components of the Thymus?

A

Left and Right lobes composed of Septa (septums) that divide lobes into smaller lobules

39
Q

What are the components of a Thymic Lobule?

A

dense outer cortex and central medulla containing T-Lymphocytes

40
Q

What is the purpose of the reticular epithelial cells that surround lymphoctyes in the Thymic lobules cortex?

A

Maintain Blood-Thymus Barrier and Secrete Thymic Hormones that stimulate Stem Cell Division and T Cell differentation.

41
Q

What are Thymus Hormones?

A

thymosin - promotes the development of lymphocytes

42
Q

What are Thymic Hassall Corpuscles?

A

concentric layers of reticular epithelial cells in the Thymic lobule medulla.

43
Q

What are the defining characteristics and functions of the Spleen?

A
  • largest lymphoid organ in the body
  • removes abnormal cells, pathogens, and other blood components by phagoctytosis
  • stores iron recycled from RBCs
  • initiates immune responses from B & T Cells that react to antigens in circulating blood
44
Q

What is the structure of the Spleen?

A
  • attached to the stomach by gastroplenic ligament
  • contacts diaphragm and left kidney
  • splenic veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels communicate with the spleen at the hilum
45
Q

What are the components of the Spleen?

A

Red Pulp (RBCs) and White Pulp (WBCs)

46
Q

What are the two categories of defenses?

A

Nonspecific and Specific (innate and acquired)

47
Q

What are the 7 Major Categories of Nonspecific Defenses?

A
  1. Physical Barriers (skin, hair, epithelia)
  2. Phagocytes (Macrophages, Eosinphils, Neutrophils)
  3. NK Cells
  4. Interferons
  5. Complement System
  6. Inflammation
  7. Fever
48
Q

What’s the function of Microphages? (Eosinphils and Neutriphils)

A

leave the bloodstream, enter peripheral tissues to fight infections. Neutrophils are abundant, fast, and effective.

49
Q

What are two kinds of Macrophages?

A
  1. Fixed (Kuppfer cells, liver and Glial Cells, brain)

2. Free (wandering) cells that circulate through the body (ex. alveolar macrophages)

50
Q

What are macrophages?

A

large, phagocytic cells derived from MONOCYTES

51
Q

How do macrophages respond to pathogens?

A
  1. Engulf and destroy with lysosomal enzymes
  2. Bind to pathogen so other cells can destroy it
  3. Destroy pathogen by releasing toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid
52
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

surveillance cells that release proteins called perforins that lyse abnormal plasma membranes

53
Q

What are interferons?

A

chemical messengers that are activated by lymphocytes and macrophages and trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells.

54
Q

Do interferons kill viruses?

A

No, they just block replication in a normal cell.

55
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

chemical messenger that are released by tissue cells and coordinate immune response and active/inhibit other cells.

56
Q

What is the Complement System?

A

A nonspecific defense and protein cascade including plasma that has 11 special complement (C) proteins.

57
Q

What actives that Complement System?

A
  1. Classical Pathway - complements antibodies

2. Alternative pathway - binds pathogen directly

58
Q

What are the 3 types of Interferons?

A
  1. Alpha - stimulate NK Cells
  2. Beta - secrete fibrocytes
  3. Gamma - secreted by T & NK Cells + stimulate macrophage
59
Q

What are the effects of Complement System Activation?

A
  • stimulation of inflammation
  • attraction of phagocytes
  • enhancement of phagocytosis by opsonization
  • destruction of target plasma membranes
60
Q

What is the purpose of Inflammation as a defense?

A

localized response that temporarily repairs and creates a barrier against pathogens; slows spread of pathogens into surrounding areas; mobilizes local and systemic defenses, and facilitates repair and regeneration.

61
Q

What are the signs of Inflammation ?

A
  1. Swelling
  2. Redness
  3. Heat
  4. Pain
62
Q

What is the purpose of Fever as an Innate Defense?

A

increases body’s metabolism, accelerates defenses, and inhibits some viruses and bacteria.

63
Q

How does the body create a fever?

A

Pyrogens that cause the hypothalamus to raise body temperature

64
Q

What is the most common pyrogen in the body to create a fever?

A

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

65
Q

Perforins are proteins associated with the activity of…

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

66
Q

What cells are involved in Acquired (Specific) Immune Response?

A

B & T Cells

67
Q

What are T Cells?

A

cell-mediated immunity cells that fight viruses and INTRAcellular pathogens

68
Q

What are B Cells?

A

anti-body (humoral) Immunity that fights bacteria (usually EXTRAcellular)

69
Q

What are the 4 Characteristics of Specific Immune Response?

A

Specific, Diverse, Memory, Tolerance

Anatomy & Physiology II (5 decks)

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