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U.S. History II Exam #2 > Chapter 23 - The Great War (1900-1920) > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - The Great War (1900-1920) Flashcards

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1
Q

Provide a brief overview of the shift in American diplomacy during the Progressive Era

A

American engaged in Latin America to manage the chaotic situation there. An offshoot of the Progressive Mindset.

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2
Q

Under which President did the U.S. become a major player in international politics?

A

TR.

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3
Q

What did TR attempt to construct?

A

The Panama Canal.

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4
Q

Why was the Panama Canal important militarily?

A

So the U.S. Navy could reach both the Pacific and Atlantic Theaters without going all the way around South America.

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5
Q

What were the two diplomatic successes required to build the canal?

A

1) A British Agreement

2) Permission From a Central American Country.

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6
Q

What Country was the Frontrunner Initially?

A

Nicaragua.

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7
Q

Why was Panama chosen? (Columbia at the Time)

A

Because the French already had a charter and started a project there.

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8
Q

How much did the Americans buy the French Effort for?

A

$40 Million

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9
Q

How much did the US offer Columbia?

A

$10 million plus $250,000 annually to Columbia.

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10
Q

What did Roosevelt opt to do when Columbia rejected America’s offer?

A

Offer to support a revolution in Panama and help it declare independence.

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11
Q

What conflict did TR negotiate an end to?

A

The Russo-Japanese War.

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12
Q

How did the solution TR crafted to end the Russo-Japanese war benefit the US?

A

It made sure neither Japan or Russia was in the driver’s seat when it came to asian affairs.

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13
Q

How did the US Intervene in Santo Domingo and Venezuela?

A

It sent in ships and troops to prevent European invasion to collect debts.

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14
Q

What was TR’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

A

The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in any Latin American states in order to prevent chronic wrongdoing.

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15
Q

How many states had the U.S. interfered with their internal affairs by the end of the 1920s?

A

6.

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16
Q

What diplomatic tool did Roosevelt rely on?

A

The military.

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17
Q

What diplomatic tool did Taft rely on?

A

Economic ones.

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18
Q

What was Taft’s efforts nicknamed?

A

Dollar Diplomacy

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19
Q

In what two areas was dollar diplomacy tried?

A

Latin American states and China.

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20
Q

What was dollar diplomacy?

A

US propping up of shaky regimes to gain influence

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21
Q

Was Dollar Diplomacy successful?

A

Nope.

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22
Q

Where did Taft send military forces?

A

Nicaragua.

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23
Q

What type of Foreign Policy did Wilson triumph?

A

Idealistic Foreign Policy supported by lofty moral values.

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24
Q

How did WW attempt to do moral justice through conciliation?

A

1) Create an Apology and Compensation Package for Columbia.
2) Appointed a Governor-General to the Philippines to Prepare them for Self-Government
3) Created 30 international cooling off treaties to attempt to render war obsolete.

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25
Q

Where did Wilson involve himself in Latin America?

A

1) Sent Troops to Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.
2) Supported the Dictatorship in Nicaragua
3) Refused to Recognize the New President of Mexico and Instead Armed His Rivals.

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26
Q

Who were the Central Powers in the Great War?

A

1) Germany
2) Austria-Hungary
3) The Ottoman Empire

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27
Q

Who were the Triple Entente in the Great War?

A

1) Britain
2) France
3) Russia (Would Later Withdraw)
4) Italy (Later in the War)

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28
Q

Did the US ever ally themselves with the Triple Entente?

A

No.

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29
Q

When did the war come to an end?

A

1918.

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30
Q

What were the Underlying Causes of the Great War?

A

1) German Weltpolitik
2) The End of the European Balance of Power
3) Entangling European Alliances.
3) The Arms Race
4) Germany’s Schliefen Plan

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31
Q

What prompted the end of the European Balance of Power?

A

1) The demise of Austria-Hungary

2) The Rise of Germany

32
Q

What were the Three Main Alliances?

A

1) Germany and Austria Hungary
2) France and Russia
3) British and Belgium

33
Q

What caused the Arms Race?

A

Germany attempting to supplant the British Navy.

34
Q

Describe Germany’s Schliefen Plan?

A

A full-scale invasion of France following a war against Russia to avoid a two-front war.

35
Q

What were the major assumptions of the Schliefen Plan

A

1) Russia would take two months to mobilize

2) Germany has a big enough army to launch and win a full scale invasion of France in four to six weeks.

36
Q

What was the Proximate Event that triggered the Great War?

A

The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand.

37
Q

What was pervasive in Austria-Hungary’s internal political situation?

A

Ethnic Tension.

38
Q

How did Serbia’s government respond to the ten ultimatums issued by the government of AH?

A

Ceded 9 of the ten demands but wavered on the tenth.

39
Q

What prevented the success of the Schieffen plan?

A

The Russian army mobilizing quicker than expected.

40
Q

What type of warfare characterized the Great War?

A

Trench Warfare. Large Amounts of Artillery and Gas Bombardment Followed By Suicidal Charges Across No-Man’s Land Mowed Down By Machine Guns.

41
Q

How many men died in the Battle of Verdun?

A

Over One Million

42
Q

How many men died in the Battle of the Somme?

A

Over One Million

43
Q

How did the Central Powers defeat Russia?

A

By fermenting a revolution in March 1917 and November 1917. (Germany sent Lenin to Russia)

44
Q

What was the turning point of the Great War?

A

The entrance of the United States.

45
Q

What was US policy in the early stages of the Great War?

A

Neutrality.

46
Q

What sketchy right did the U.S. press for in its neutrality?

A

Neutral Shipping Rights. (The Right to Ship Anything to All Combatants.)

47
Q

How did Germany and Britain attempt to prevent the other side from benefitting from American trade?

A

By intercepting and escorting goods to their port and paying for the goods.

48
Q

What country did the US do the most trade with during their neutrality?

A

Britain.

49
Q

What was the technique Britain used to gain outrage?

A

Hiding military equipment in the holds of Civilian passenger ships.

50
Q

What incident sparked the US’s active involvement in the Great War?

A

The sinking of the passenger vessel Lustiania. Killing 128 Americans.

51
Q

What other factors led to American Involvement of Behalf of Britain?

A

1) German portrayal as uncivilized due to their use of submarines and the sinking of ships that resulted.
2) British Propaganda efforts were vastly successful.
3) The Zimmerman Note of Germany Encouraging a Mexican Invasion of the United States.

52
Q

What did Germany declare that brought America into the war?

A

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.

53
Q

How many ships were sunk by the German’s USW policy before Wilson intervened?

A

10.

54
Q

Why did the U.S. enter the war?

A

1) To defend and retain neutral shipping rights.

2) Americans became highly pro-British in sentiment.

55
Q

What committee did Wilson create to nurture wartime morale?

A

The Committee on Public Information.

56
Q

What prompted a German surrender?

A

1) Its allies were crumbling
2) The US troops refreshed morale and made the Germans look weak in comparison.
3) The Kaiser was thrown out for the Weimar Republic.

57
Q

What issue did the post-WWI settlement fail to address?

A

Germany’s power and discontent at its international status.

58
Q

What belief made the agreement ineffective?

A

The belief that Germany had never lost the war and rather they had been stabbed in the back by weak politicians.

59
Q

List Wilson’s 14 Points.

A

1) No Secret Treaties. Only Public Deals.
2) Absolute Freedom of the Seas.
3) Free Trade Among All States
4) Restriction of Militaries to the Lowest Point Consistent With Domestic Safety.
5) Just and equitable treatment of all overseas colonies.
6) Assistance to Russia during the transition from Czar to Democratic Republic
7) Germany must leave Belgium and Give it Back its status as a sovereign state.
8) Germany must leave France and return all territory to France
9) Italy’s border will be redraw to encompass all Italians
10) Ethnic self-determination for all people’s in AH
11) Ethnic self-determination throughout the Balkans.
12) Turkish people get their own states but non-Turks get their own self determination
13) State of Poland recreated for all ethnically Polish people and a Corridor for Poland to the Sea.
14) Creation of a League of Nations

60
Q

Who supported and who opposed the 14 Points?

A

Germany Supported Them

Britain and France Opposed Them

61
Q

What was France’s attitude at Versailles?

A

Highly realistic and wanted to make sure Germany could not wage another war.

62
Q

What was Britain’s attitude at Versailles?

A

Conciliatory. Wanted reparations for debts and a not angry Germany to avoid another war.

63
Q

Which of Wilson’s points were implement at Versailles?

A

6-13. (And later 14 with the advent of the LoN)

64
Q

What in Wilson’s points were rejected?

A

1-5 and the conciliatory attitude behind them.

65
Q

What complicated the enactment of the Versailles treaty?

A

The Senate refused to ratify it. Specifically the LoN.

66
Q

Who led the U.S. Senate’s effort to block the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Henry Cabot Lodge.

67
Q

What provision did the LoN rely on to preserve peace?

A

The automatic declaration of war of all members if one was attacked.

68
Q

What were the three Senate factions in the Treaty fight?

A

1) With Wilson
2) Against Wilson, Pro U.S.-German Treaty
3) Isolationists, Against Both.

69
Q

Who won?

A

The Isolationists.

70
Q

List the Consequences of the Great War.

A

1) The Ideas of the Fin de Siecle are smashed.
2) Many French, British, and Americans are pacifists.
3) European Global Hegemony ends
4) Revolutions come to Russia and Germany
5) Austria-Hungary ends and is divided into smaller ethnic nations
6) The Ottoman Empire Dies
7) The U.S. Emerges as the Premier Economic Power
8) The Seeds of a Second Great War are Sown
9) Liberal Government in Germany is Doomed to Fail.

71
Q

What is the phrase used to describe Wilson’s 14 Points?

A

Liberal internationalism

72
Q

Define Liberal Internationalism.

A

1) A bold Active role in international affairs
2) Policy sought to transform other nations into democratic republics
3) a world populated by democracies would be safer and richer
4) the U.S. had the ability to bring those changes
5) collective action among the world’s powers is an effective and necessary tool
6) These policies are good and moral

73
Q

What view opposes Liberal Internationalism?

A

Realistic Unilateralism.

74
Q

What Genocide Occurred during the Great War?

A

The Armenian Genocide.

75
Q

How many died in the Armenian Genocide?

A

Estimated 1.6 million.

U.S. History II Exam #2 (7 decks)

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