Chapter 23 Diseases

Question 1

What causes bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 1

contaminated bacteria in the stomach or intestines

Question 2

What causes Shigellosis?

Answer 2

Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei

Question 3

What causes campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 3

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 4

What causes cholera?

Answer 4

Vibrio cholerae

Question 5

characteristics of Shigella dysenteriae?

Answer 5

Gram-negative, nonmotile bacilli

Question 6

characteristics of campylobacter jejuni?

Answer 6

Gram-negative slightly curved rod with polar flagella

Question 7

characteristics of vibrio cholerae?

Answer 7

Slightly curved, gram-negative rod with polar flagella

Question 8

reservoir for bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 8

humans

Question 9

reservoir for Shigellosis?

Answer 9

humans

Question 10

reservoir for campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 10

Cattle, birds, and pigs (zoonosis)

Question 11

reservoir for cholera?

Answer 11

aquatic fauna

Question 12

mode of transmission for bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 12

Poorly prepared foods, contaminated washing or drinking water, communities with poor living conditions

Question 13

mode of transmission for Shigellosis?

Answer 13

Ingesting bacteria on their own contaminated hands and by consuming contaminated food (direct and foodborne)

Question 14

mode of transmission for campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 14

Contaminated meats

Question 15

mode of transmission for cholera?

Answer 15

Ingesting contaminated water or raw shellfish

Question 16

portal of entry for bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 16

fecal-oral

Question 17

portal of entry for Shigellosis?

Answer 17

Fecal-oral route, direct or indirect contact

Question 18

portal of entry for campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 18

indirect or direct contact

Question 19

portal of entry for cholera?

Answer 19

fecal oral

Question 20

virulence factors for Shigellosis?

Answer 20

Type 3 secretion systems

Question 21

virulence factors for campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 21

Adhesins, cytotoxins, endotoxin that enable colonization and invasion of the jejunum, ileum, and colon.
Survives inside cells after being endocytosed

Question 22

virulence factors for cholera?

Answer 22

Environment within human body activated some genes so it becomes more virulent in humans
Cholera toxin which is encoded on bacteriophage CTX0

Question 23

how does bacterial gastroenteritis affect the body?

Answer 23

Rare: infection spreads beyond GI and causes kidney failure or anemia

Question 24

how does Shigellosis affect the body?

Answer 24

Pathogen initially colonizes cells of the small intestine and causes an enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea. Organism attaches to and invades epithelial cells in large intestine. Bacteria multiply in cytosol. Organism directly invade neighboring cells and evade host’s immune system. Organisms kill host cells resulting in abscesses in intestinal mucosa

Question 25

how does campylobacter diarrhea affect the body?

Answer 25

Organism produces bleeding lesions and triggers inflammation in the jejunum, ileum, and colon

Question 26

how does cholera affect the body?

Answer 26

Surviving organisms colonize the small intestine and produce cholera toxin

Question 27

signs and symptoms of bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 27

N/V, diarrhea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, cramps, some have malaise and fever

Question 28

signs and symptoms of Shigellosis?

Answer 28

Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
Bloody diarrhea: bacillary dysentery

Question 29

signs and symptoms of campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 29

Malaise, fever, abdominal pain, and bloody and frequent diarrhea

Question 30

signs and symptoms of cholera?

Answer 30

Asymptomatic or cause mild diarrhea

Rare: dehydration, thirst, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and hypovolemic shock

Rice water stools

Question 31

epidemiology of Shigellosis?

Answer 31

Little affected by stomach acid, so an infective dose many be as few as 100 cells. Children in daycare, custodial setting, and places where personal hygiene is difficult to maintain

Question 32

epidemiology of campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 32

Responsible for more cases of diarrhea
Due to consumption of raw or undercooked poultry.

Question 33

epidemiology of cholera?

Answer 33

7 cholera pandemic since 1817

Question 34

diagnosis for bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 34

Based on signs and symptoms

Question 35

diagnosis for Shigellosis?

Answer 35

Based on symptoms and presence of shigella in stool

Question 36

diagnosis for campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 36

Based on signs and symptoms and demonstration or organism in stool
-xTAG GPP

Question 37

diagnosis for cholera?

Answer 37

Signs and symptoms

Question 38

treatment for bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 38

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

Question 39

treatment for Shigellosis?

Answer 39

Disease is usually self-limiting
Administration of antimicrobials can shorten the duration of disease and reduce the spread of shigella to close contacts

Question 40

treatment for campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 40

Disease is self-limiting; bacteria are expellees from the intestinal tract
-severe cases require supportive therapy and antimicrobial drugs

Question 41

treatment for cholera?

Answer 41

Supportive care with fluid and electrolyte replacement
Doxycycline reduces the production of cholera toxin

Question 42

prevention of bacterial gastroenteritis?

Answer 42

Proper handling, storage, and preparation of food

Question 43

prevention of Shigellosis?

Answer 43

Live attenuated vaccine recently developed against S. flexneri

Question 44

prevention of campylobacter diarrhea?

Answer 44

There is no vaccine so minimize contamination of kitchen

Question 45

prevention of cholera?

Answer 45

Adequate sewage and water treatment can limit the spread and prevent epidemics
Oral vaccine against the O1 EI Tor strain