chapter 21 diseases

Question 1

what causes Lyme disease?

Answer 1

Borrelia burgodorferi

Question 2

what causes mono?

Answer 2

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 3

what causes malaria?

Answer 3

Plasmodium

Question 4

characteristics of Lyme disease?

Answer 4

Gram-negative spirochete that has Endo flagella within the periplasmic space
Burrows into tissues

Question 5

characteristics of mono?

Answer 5

Enveloped ds DNA virus

Question 6

characteristics of malaria?

Answer 6

has 3 life cycles

Question 7

reservoir of Lyme disease?

Answer 7

White-footed mouse; chipmunks, short-tailed and masked shrews, and eastern gray squirrels

Question 8

reservoir of mono?

Answer 8

Humans

Question 9

reservoir of malaria?

Answer 9

Humans

Question 10

mode of transmission for Lyme disease?

Answer 10

Biological vector; Hard ticks of the genus lxodes
(NYMPHS and adults responsible for transmission)

Question 11

mode of transmission for mono?

Answer 11

saliva (direct or indirect)

Question 12

mode of transmission for malaria?

Answer 12

biological vector; Mosquito bite

Question 13

portal of entry for Lyme disease?

Answer 13

bite of a tick

Question 14

portal of entry for mono?

Answer 14

mouth

Question 15

portal of entry for malaria?

Answer 15

bite of a mosquito

Question 16

virulence factors of Lyme disease?

Answer 16

Lacks iron-containing enzymes and molecules
Changes outer surface proteins
Symptoms mimic many other diseases

Question 17

virulence factors of mono?

Answer 17

Becomes latent within cells, resulting in lifelong infection. Causes B lymphocytes to become immortal which then are one source of cancer

Question 18

virulence factors of malaria?

Answer 18

-reproductive cycle occurs within RBC
-genetic and antigenic variation
-adhesins
-it can change the attractiveness of their vertebrate hosts to anopheles vector

Question 19

how does Lyme disease affect the body?

Answer 19

Infection occurs within 12-24 hours after a bite of a tick.
Organisms move from the site of infection through the blood and lymph
Can accumulate in joints.
Can remain dormant

Question 20

how does mono affect the body?

Answer 20

Infects the epithelial cells of the throat and parotid salivary glands. Lytic replication cycle releases virions into the bloodstream.
Virus then invades B lymphocytes which then spread the infection throughout the body

Question 21

how does malaria affect the body?

Answer 21

complex life cycle

Question 22

signs and symptoms of Lyme disease?

Answer 22

Mimics other diseases
1. Early phase: expanding red rash resembling bull’s eyes; malaise, headache, dizzy, stiff neck, fatigue, chills, muscle and joint pain, infected lymph nodes.
2. Disseminated: secondary ringed rashes, flu, arthritis, heart arrythmia, myocarditis, pericarditis, bell’s palsy, meningitis
3. Chronic: severe fatigue, sleep impairment, joint pain, depression, headaches

Question 23

signs and symptoms of mono?

Answer 23

CTLs kill infected B cells (responsible for signs and symptoms)
-4 to 6 weeks after infection
-severe sore throat, fever, and weakness
-swollen lymph nodes in neck and armpits, enlarged spleen, extreme fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, headache, and skin rash

Question 24

signs and symptoms of malaria?

Answer 24

can be asymptomatic
-uncomplicated: fever, moderate to severe shaking chills, sweating, headache, n/v, diarrhea, and anemia
-severe: anemia, organ damage, coma, pulmonary complications, and AKI

Question 25

epidemiology of Lyme disease?

Answer 25

discovered in 1975 in wooded areas
coyotes removed the foxes that eat the mice

Question 26

epidemiology of mono?

Answer 26

In children, <6 EBV causes a mild illness that resembles common respiratory infections.
Where living standard are higher, childhood infection is less likely and infection does.
Not occur until adolescence or later

Question 27

epidemiology of malaria?

Answer 27

-humans are the reservoir for human malaria
-endemic in 109 countries
-temperature, humidity, rainfall

Question 28

diagnosis for Lyme disease?

Answer 28

Based on the signs and symptoms or the disease and the history of exposure to ticks
-antibodies against borrelia (neg. test does not mean pt. does not have lyme. Takes >4-6)

Question 29

diagnosis for mono?

Answer 29

based on the presence of large, lobed B lymphocytes with atypical nuclei and neutropenia
-Can test for antibodies to
-viral capsid antigen
-early antigen
-EBV nuclear antigen

Question 30

diagnosis for malaria?

Answer 30

Can be easily identified and distinguished in blood smears so microscopy is commonly used.
Demonstration of antibodies against plasmodium can be used for differential diagnosis.
-case history, including travel history, vital

Question 31

treatment for Lyme disease?

Answer 31

Antimicrobial drugs such as doxycycline or amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil can cure if disease in the first phase.
-prolonged tx with large doses may be required
-iv drugs may be required

Question 32

treatment for mono?

Answer 32

Care involves relief of the symptoms.
-most recover without treatment within 2-4 weeks
-avoid contact sports to reduce risk of rupturing enlarged spleen

Question 33

treatment for malaria?

Answer 33

-Tx varies by species
-drug choices are constantly revised based on effectiveness and existence of resistant strains

Question 34

prevention of Lyme disease?

Answer 34

Prevent contact with ticks in the summer when nymphs are feeding.
-wear long-sleeved shirts and ling, tight fitting pants
Use DEET
-examine body for ticks
Remove ticks using forceps

Question 35

prevention of mono?

Answer 35

No vaccine
EBV may persist in saliva for months following infection.
Prevention almost impossible

Question 36

prevention of malaria?

Answer 36

Limit contact with mosquitoes
Drain wetlands from standing water
DEET
Prophylactic drug