Chapter 23: breathing Flashcards
wHAT MUSCLES HELP WITH FORCEFUL EXPIRATION?
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS, TRANSVERSUS THORACIS, RECTUS ABDOMINIS, OBLIQUE AND TRANSVERSE ABDOMINAL
What is in control of unconscious breathing?
medulla and pons by input from chemo, stretch, and irritant receptors.
WHat is in control of consciopus breathing?
motor cortex of cerebrum overrides brainstem. Alters it breathing temporily
How are signals needed for breathing reaching the brain?
signals travel along phrenic and intercostal nerves
What is alveolar ventilation rate?
Amount of air entering alveoli/min. Helps explain Oxygen level available to tissues
WHat is. tidal volume
passive breathing. It is about 500 ml of air in/iut of respiratory tract
What is the anatomical dead space?
Area where no exchange of gas occurs: conducting division pathways (150 mL)
What is residual volume?
Air that remains in alveoli after expiration
What is alveolar dead space?
volume of alveoli that are not participating in gas exchange
Physiological dead space
anatomical and alveolar dead space
What is the harm in a large space of physiological dead space?
That means less areas are participating in gas exchange, leading to lack of oxygen getting into tissue and possible respiratory failure
What is pulmonary shunt?
WHen flood flows back into tissues (right to left) without proper oxygen becaus eof poorly ventilated alveoli. This leads to a decrease in oxygened blood reaching heart and rest of the body
What factors impair ventilation of the alveoli?
Increased surface tension in alveoli and low compliance, increased compliance and reduced alveolar surface, decreased airway diameter
What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?
Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid
