Chapter 2.3

Question 1

amino acid

Answer 1

a monomer of a protein

Question 2

carbohydrate

Answer 2

a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells

Question 3

cellulose

Answer 3

a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell

Question 4

chitin

Answer 4

a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi

Question 5

denaturation

Answer 5

the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

Question 6

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 6

a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell

Question 7

disaccharide

Answer 7

two sugar monomers that are linked together by a peptide bond

Question 8

enzyme

Answer 8

a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

Question 9

fat

Answer 9

a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol (triglyceride) that typically exists in a solid form at room temperature

Question 10

glycogen

Answer 10

a storage carbohydrate in animals

Question 11

hormone

Answer 11

a chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes

Question 12

lipids

Answer 12

a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water

Question 13

macromolecule

Answer 13

a large molecule, often formed by polymerization of smaller monomers

Question 14

monosaccharide

Answer 14

a single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

Question 15

nucleic acid

Answer 15

a biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell

Question 16

nucleotide

Answer 16

a monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 17

oil

Answer 17

an unsaturated fat that is a liquid at room temperature

Question 18

phospholipid

Answer 18

a major constituent of the membranes of cells; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone

Question 19

polypeptide

Answer 19

a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 20

polysaccharide

Answer 20

a long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

Question 21

protein

Answer 21

a biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids

Question 22

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 22

a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides that is involved in protein synthesis

Question 23

saturated fatty acid

Answer 23

a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

Question 24

starch

Answer 24

a storage carbohydrate in plants

Question 25

steroid

Answer 25

a type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings

Question 26

trans-fat

Answer 26

a form of unsaturated fat with the hydrogen atoms neighboring the double bond across from each other rather than on the same side of the double bond

Question 27

triglyceride

Answer 27

a fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

Question 28

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 28

a long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more than one double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain