Chapter 23 Flashcards
afferent arteriole
the blood vessel that carries blood into golmerulus
The renal pyramids and renal columns make up the layer of the kidney called
the renal medulla
Functions of the kidneys
- filtering blood to remove metabolic waste
- regulations of electrolyte balance
- site of calcitrol activation
List, in order, the structures through which a drop of urine will flow after it drains from a renal papilla
- minor calyx
- major calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
mesangial cells
cells between arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries
juxtaglomerular cells
smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole
macula densa
epithelial cells at end of nephron loop
The glomerulus is a be dog capillaries surrounded by a
glomerular capsule
angiotensinogen
the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I.
The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of ______ and _______
acid-base balance; electrolytes
Together, a renal corpuscle and its renal tubules form a
nephron
Solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop
sodium, potassium, and chloride
renal tubule
length of the tube that includes the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Urine is conveyed out of the body by a tube called
the urethra
List some variables that affect the glomerular filtration rate
- surface area available for filtration
- permeability of filtration membrane
List the order of arteries carrying blood from the renal artery into the renal cortex
- renal artery
- segmental artery
- arcuate artery
- cortical radiate artery
List the order of urine-collecting structures found within the renal sinus
minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
In glomerular filtration, ____ is filtered to form ________
plasma; filtrate
The renal pelvis funnels urine into the tube called
the ureter
The ____ of the kidney is the inner layer; while the ____ is the layer surrounding it
medulla; cortex
Clearing aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs from the blood stream via the kidneys are examples of tubular _____
secretion
The kidneys regulate blood volume and blood pressure by
regulating water output
List the components of a renal corpuscle
- glomerulus
- glomerular capsule
List the 3 segments of the male urethra
- membranous urethra
- prostatic urethra
- spongy urethra
List in order, front he blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substances must pass
- fenestrated endothelium
- basement membrane
- filtration slits
Nephrons classified as ____ nephrons have short nephron loops and have their renal corpuscles near the kidney surface
cortical
The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called
excretion
The functional unit of the kidney is called the
nephron
The bladder can be described as
a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular
reabsorption
Activation of the renin-angiotension mechanism initiates changes that will result in
an increase in blood pressure
Describe the location of the kidneys
retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3
Glomerular filtration rate
the combined amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys
Renal clearance is the net effect of
tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by
secreting renin
List some effects of activation of the renin-angiotensis system
- vasoconstriction
- increased water retention
- increased blood pressure
List some hormones that regular the amount of water and salts that is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
- aldosterone
- antidiuretic hormone
- atrial natriuretic peptide
The renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated when blood pressure
decreases
Nephrons classified as ________ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla
juxtamedullary
Filtration pressure at a glomerulus is determined by the balance of ______ pressure and ______ pressure
hydrostatic; colloid osmotic
List renal tubular segments that are influenced by aldosterone
- ascending limb of nephron loop
- collecting duct
- distal convoluted tubule
From deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connect tissue that surrounds the kidney
- fibrous capsule
- perirenal fat capsule
- renal fascia
List 2 examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys
- creatinine
- urea
Describe the ureters
convey urine from kidney to bladder
