Chapter 17 Flashcards
Caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well being
stress
Physical causes of stress
injury, surgery, infection, intense exercise, pain, greif, depression, anger
Chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs
hormones
Hypothalamus
TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH
Luteinizing hormone
the pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone
follicle stimulating hormone
the hormone that stimulates sperm production
A condition defined as a disruption of a carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from hypo secretion or inaction of insulin is
diabetes mellitus
peptide hormones
oxytocin, insulin, follicle stimulating hormone
Pituitary
endocrine gland housed in sphenoid
Hormones secreted by the ovary
estradiol, inhibin, progesterone
Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Therfore they bind to receptors on the…
cell surface
Pancreas
Endocrine gland that is an elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland
Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and directly on the……. changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription
genes
Thyroid gland
the gland located immediately below the larynx that is shaped like a butterfly
3 types of interactive effects hormones can have on their target cells
permissive, antagonistic, synergistic
Hormones classified as steroid hormones
testosterone, cortisol
Cortisol
a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein, catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids into the blood
Groups of hormones from the adrenal cortex that have various developmental and reproductive functions
sex steroids
Target cells of insulin
liver, adipose, muscle
Steroid hormones are derived from the precursor….
cholesterol
List 2 main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus
sedentary lifestyle, obesity
thyroid hormone accelerates…
the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Once a steroid or thyroid hormone binds to its receptor, the receptor-hormone complex associates with a target gene and controls gene…
transcription
Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium
aldosterone
Endocrine glands
Glands that secrete their product into interstitial fluid of blood
List in order of occurrence, the stage of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)
- alarm reaction
- stage of resistance
- stage of exhaustion
List several hyper glycemic (raises blood glucose levels) hormones
epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol
Hormone specificity
each hormone binds to only one receptor
functions of testosterone
development of male physique, development of the male reproductive system, sex drive
Pituitary cell type with the hormone
somatropes= growth lactotropes= prolactin corticotropes= adrenocorticotropic hormone gonadotropes= follicle-stimulating hormone
Second- messenger system actions
- hormone receptor binding activates G-protein
- G-protein activates adenylate cyclase
- adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
- cAMP activates protein kinases
hormones produced by liver
hepcidin, erythropoietin, insulin-like growth factor
Thyroid stimulating hormone
the hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
The hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels
Congenital hypothyroidism
thyroid hyposecretion present from birth
Aldosterone
The hormone produced by the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal gland that helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume
Thyroxine
The thyroid hormone that is secreted in greatest quantity, with four iodine atoms
List the substances secreted by pancreatic islet cells
glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
List the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
The action of the catecholamines is to
increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity
The kidneys secrete the hormones
erythropoietin, calcitrol
