Chapter 18 Flashcards
hemopoiesis
the process of formation of all the good formed elements
lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes are all examples of…
leukocytes
The cardio vascular system includes
blood vessels, heart
leukopenia
total white blood cell count below 5,000
leukocytosis
total white blood cell count above 10,000
leukemia
extraordinarily high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors
Steps of hemostasis
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- blood coagulation
Formed elements of blood
platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
Iron is critical for the synthesis of ______, the oxygen-carrying in red blood cells
hemoglobin
describe normal erythrocytes
contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen, discoidal cells with a biconcave shape
The circulatory system consists of
the heart, blood vessels and blood
The cardiovascular system consists of
the heart, and blood vessels
plasma
the fluid component of blood, a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases
List some functions of the circulatory system
regulation (buffers acids and bases), transport (nutrients, gases, etc), protection (limits spread of infection)
components of blood
matrix (plasma), white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets
percent composition of white blood cells
- basophils .05%
- eosinophils 2-4%
- monocytes 3-8%
- lymphocytes 25-33%
- neutrophils 60-70%
development of WBCs or leukopoiesis
- hemopoietic stem cells (HSE)
- colony forming units (CFU)
- precursor cells (myoblasts, mono blasts, lymphoblasts)
- mature cells
The biconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus and other organelles are called
erythrocytes
hematology
the study of blood
relative percentages in blood
- plasma 47-63%
- hematocrit 37-52%
- buffy coat 1% or less
how are various plasma components replaced in the body?
- gamma globulins come from plasma cells
- water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract
- most proteins are produced by the liver
leukopoiesis
the development of white blood cells
causes of leukocytosis
dehydration, allergy, infection
The transport function of plasma includes the transport of nutrients from…
the digestive system
When a person receives a transfusion form a compatible blood type…
no change in the person’s blood type occurs
thrombosis
the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel
Functions of proteins in plasma
- body defense
- clotting
- transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones
2 characteristics of monocytes
- the cytoplasm contains sparse, fine granules
- the nucleus is a large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped
What enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?
thrombin
A generlaized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is
anemia
3 Clinical measurements that express the blood’s ability to carry oxygen
hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, RBC count
events that occur during fibrinolysis
- prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein
- kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasma
- plasmin dissolves the blood clot
When hypoxemia is detected, a mechanism of correction is initiated: erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys and liver and the rate of erythropoeisis accelerates. This is an example of
negative feedback control
What is the function of fibrin?
Create the framework of the clot
functions of lymphocytes
- serve in immune memory
- coordinate actions of other immune cells
- destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
- “present” antigens to activate other cells of immune system
embolus
a blood clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood stream
eosinophil
leukocyte that has a nucleus comprised of 2 large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules
2 features of reticuloctyes that differ from a mature red blood cell
- RBCs are numbers; only .5%-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes
- reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not
Steps in iron metabolism from the moment of iron intake until it is absorbed
- A mixture of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ is ingested
- The stomach acid converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
- Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
- Gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption
Correct values of blood
- total WBC count= 5,000-10,000
- volume in females= 4-5L
- volume in males= 5-6L
- osmolarity=280-296 mOsm/L
- pH 7.35-7.45
Hemoglobin HbA
the most type in the adult; contains 2 alpha glob in chains and 2 beta glob in chains
hemoglobin HbA2
about 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 delta globin chains
Hemoglobin HbF
fetal hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly
Characteristics of platelets
- normal count ranges from 130,000-400,000
- platelets are very small
- they are not cells but small fragments of megakaryocytes
basophil
the granulocyte whose granules contain heparin and histamine
hematocrit
percentage of the blood’s volume composed of erythrocytes
functions of macrophages
- present antigens
- phagocytize dead cells
- destroy foreign antigens
function of an antibody
to bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction
myeloid hemopoiesis
formation of blood cells in the bone marrow
thrombocytopenia
the condition in which the platelet count is less than 100,000
hemostasis
limiting blood loss from an injured vessel
lymphocyte
round dark blue staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm
Causes of hemolytic anemia
- sickle cell disease, thalassmia, malaria
- snake and spider venom
- blood type incompatibilities
- penecillin allergy
the buffy coat contains
WBC and platelets
Characteristics of neutrophils
- have nuclei of various shapes
- are the most abundant leukocyte
Albumin
most abundant plasma protein
Functions of albumin
- maintenance of osmolarity
- solute transport
- pH buffering of plasma
Order of erythropoiesis
- hemopoietic stem cell
- colony-forming unit
- erythroblast
- reticulocyte
- erythrocyte
