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Anatomy II > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

hemopoiesis

A

the process of formation of all the good formed elements

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2
Q

lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes are all examples of…

A

leukocytes

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3
Q

The cardio vascular system includes

A

blood vessels, heart

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4
Q

leukopenia

A

total white blood cell count below 5,000

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5
Q

leukocytosis

A

total white blood cell count above 10,000

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6
Q

leukemia

A

extraordinarily high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors

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7
Q

Steps of hemostasis

A
  • vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • blood coagulation
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8
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

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9
Q

Iron is critical for the synthesis of ______, the oxygen-carrying in red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

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10
Q

describe normal erythrocytes

A

contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen, discoidal cells with a biconcave shape

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11
Q

The circulatory system consists of

A

the heart, blood vessels and blood

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12
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of

A

the heart, and blood vessels

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13
Q

plasma

A

the fluid component of blood, a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases

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14
Q

List some functions of the circulatory system

A

regulation (buffers acids and bases), transport (nutrients, gases, etc), protection (limits spread of infection)

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15
Q

components of blood

A

matrix (plasma), white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets

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16
Q

percent composition of white blood cells

A
  • basophils .05%
  • eosinophils 2-4%
  • monocytes 3-8%
  • lymphocytes 25-33%
  • neutrophils 60-70%
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17
Q

development of WBCs or leukopoiesis

A
  • hemopoietic stem cells (HSE)
  • colony forming units (CFU)
  • precursor cells (myoblasts, mono blasts, lymphoblasts)
  • mature cells
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18
Q

The biconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus and other organelles are called

A

erythrocytes

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19
Q

hematology

A

the study of blood

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20
Q

relative percentages in blood

A
  • plasma 47-63%
  • hematocrit 37-52%
  • buffy coat 1% or less
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21
Q

how are various plasma components replaced in the body?

A
  • gamma globulins come from plasma cells
  • water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract
  • most proteins are produced by the liver
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22
Q

leukopoiesis

A

the development of white blood cells

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23
Q

causes of leukocytosis

A

dehydration, allergy, infection

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24
Q

The transport function of plasma includes the transport of nutrients from…

A

the digestive system

25
Q

When a person receives a transfusion form a compatible blood type…

A

no change in the person’s blood type occurs

26
Q

thrombosis

A

the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel

27
Q

Functions of proteins in plasma

A
  • body defense
  • clotting
  • transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones
28
Q

2 characteristics of monocytes

A
  • the cytoplasm contains sparse, fine granules

- the nucleus is a large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped

29
Q

What enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?

A

thrombin

30
Q

A generlaized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is

A

anemia

31
Q

3 Clinical measurements that express the blood’s ability to carry oxygen

A

hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, RBC count

32
Q

events that occur during fibrinolysis

A
  • prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein
  • kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasma
  • plasmin dissolves the blood clot
33
Q

When hypoxemia is detected, a mechanism of correction is initiated: erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys and liver and the rate of erythropoeisis accelerates. This is an example of

A

negative feedback control

34
Q

What is the function of fibrin?

A

Create the framework of the clot

35
Q

functions of lymphocytes

A
  • serve in immune memory
  • coordinate actions of other immune cells
  • destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
  • “present” antigens to activate other cells of immune system
36
Q

embolus

A

a blood clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood stream

37
Q

eosinophil

A

leukocyte that has a nucleus comprised of 2 large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules

38
Q

2 features of reticuloctyes that differ from a mature red blood cell

A
  • RBCs are numbers; only .5%-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes
  • reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not
39
Q

Steps in iron metabolism from the moment of iron intake until it is absorbed

A
  • A mixture of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ is ingested
  • The stomach acid converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
  • Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
  • Gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption
40
Q

Correct values of blood

A
  • total WBC count= 5,000-10,000
  • volume in females= 4-5L
  • volume in males= 5-6L
  • osmolarity=280-296 mOsm/L
  • pH 7.35-7.45
41
Q

Hemoglobin HbA

A

the most type in the adult; contains 2 alpha glob in chains and 2 beta glob in chains

42
Q

hemoglobin HbA2

A

about 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 delta globin chains

43
Q

Hemoglobin HbF

A

fetal hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly

44
Q

Characteristics of platelets

A
  • normal count ranges from 130,000-400,000
  • platelets are very small
  • they are not cells but small fragments of megakaryocytes
45
Q

basophil

A

the granulocyte whose granules contain heparin and histamine

46
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of the blood’s volume composed of erythrocytes

47
Q

functions of macrophages

A
  • present antigens
  • phagocytize dead cells
  • destroy foreign antigens
48
Q

function of an antibody

A

to bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction

49
Q

myeloid hemopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells in the bone marrow

50
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

the condition in which the platelet count is less than 100,000

51
Q

hemostasis

A

limiting blood loss from an injured vessel

52
Q

lymphocyte

A

round dark blue staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm

53
Q

Causes of hemolytic anemia

A
  • sickle cell disease, thalassmia, malaria
  • snake and spider venom
  • blood type incompatibilities
  • penecillin allergy
54
Q

the buffy coat contains

A

WBC and platelets

55
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • have nuclei of various shapes

- are the most abundant leukocyte

56
Q

Albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein

57
Q

Functions of albumin

A
  • maintenance of osmolarity
  • solute transport
  • pH buffering of plasma
58
Q

Order of erythropoiesis

A
  • hemopoietic stem cell
  • colony-forming unit
  • erythroblast
  • reticulocyte
  • erythrocyte

Anatomy II (7 decks)

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