Chapter 23 Flashcards
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.
Jose Maria Morelos
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1815.
Confederation of 1867
Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.
personalist leaders
Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilise and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jose Antonio Paez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the United States. Twentieth-century examples include Getulio Vargas of Brazil and Juan Perton of Argentina.
Andrew Jackson
First president of the United States to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was reelected in 1832.
Jose Antonio Paez
Venezuelan soldier who led Simon Bolivar’s cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. Unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolivar’s government in distant Bogota, he declared Venezuela’s independence from Gran Colombia in 1829.
Benito Juarez
President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico’s resistance to a French invasion in 1862 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader who attempted to organise and Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 and died in battle.
Caste War
A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847 that nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories, where they held out until 1901.
abolitionists
Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865)
acculturation
The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviours of host nations by immigrants.
Women’s Rights Convention
An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. They met at Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss women’s rights.
development
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialisation, urbanisation, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education.
underdevelopment
The condition experienced by economies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education.
