Chapter 21

Question 1

Enlightenment

Answer 1

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Question 2

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 2

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity

Question 3

George Washington

Answer 3

Commander of Continental Army, that battled Britain for freedom was also the first president of the united states

Question 4

Joseph Brant

Answer 4

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution

Question 5

Constitutional Convention

Answer 5

Meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution

Question 6

Estates General

Answer 6

France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution

Question 7

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Answer 7

A document, issued during the French Revolution that guaranteed certain human rights and other freedoms

Question 8

Jacobins

Answer 8

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794

Question 9

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 9

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror

Question 10

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 10

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile

Question 11

gens de couleur

Answer 11

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution

Question 12

Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture

Answer 12

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French

Question 13

Congress of Vienna

Answer 13

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Question 14

Revolutions of 1848

Answer 14

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed