Chapter 2 - New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres 2200-250 BCE

Question 1

loess

Answer 1

A Fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China.

Question 2

Shang

Answer 2

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1045 B.C.E.)

Question 3

Zhou

Answer 3

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The Zhou era, particularly the vigorous early period (1045-771 B.C.E.), was remembered in Chinese tradition as a time of prosperity and benevolent rule.

Question 4

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 4

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of CHina and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects.

Question 5

Confucius

Answer 5

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.

Question 6

Daoism

Answer 6

Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty.

Question 7

yin/yang

Answer 7

In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yang is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yin with feminine, dark, and passive qualities

Question 8

Kush

Answer 8

An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E.

Question 9

Meroe

Answer 9

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 10

Celts

Answer 10

Peoples sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.

Question 11

Druids

Answer 11

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples.

Question 12

Olmec

Answer 12

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wideranging trade, ceremonial
centers, and monumental
construction.

Question 13

Chavin

Answer 13

The first major urban civilization in South America (900–250 B.C.E.).

Question 14

llama

Answer 14

A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes
Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans.