Chapter 23 Flashcards
why are organic compounds named in such a way?
initially, scientists believed they could only be produced by animals. (this, however, was disproven in the 1800s.)
in terms of their chemical makeup, why are carbon compounds so common in nature?
carbon compounds are so common in nature because they have only four valence electrons, meaning that they can form up to four covalent bonds with other materials.
what are hydrocarbons? how are their names determined?
hydrocarbons are organic compounds that exclusively contain carbon and hydrogen. the prefixes of their names are determined by the number of carbon atoms in the compound, and the suffixes of their names are determined by the types of bonds between those carbon atoms.
what are isomers? how do they differ from each other?
isomers are hydrocarbons with the same chemical formula, but different arrangements of atoms. their physical properties differ, but chemical properties remain consistent.
compare and contrast unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons
like saturated and unsaturated solutions, hydrocarbons are considered saturated if they contain the highest number of hydrogen atoms possible. essentially, this means that there are only single bonds between the carbon atoms. likewise, hydrocarbons are considered unsaturated if their are any double or triple bonds between their carbon atoms (since these types of bonds take up more space than single bonds, not allowing for more than one hydrogen atom/bond
what is benzene? is it saturated or unsaturated, and why is it often used as a framework?
benzene is a circular hydrocarbon with alternating single and double bonds between its carbon atoms.
because it contains double bonds, it is unsaturated.
benzene is often used as a framework because of its stability; it can fuse with itself, too.
the substituted hydrocarbon that forms when one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with the group -OH (or the product of a base)
alcohol
the substituted hydrocarbon that forms when one hydrogen atom is replaced by the group -COOH
organic acids
the substituted hydrocarbon that forms when alcohol and organic acids combine in water; made of the group -COOC-
esters
why is oxygen often used as a substitute for hydrogen in substituted hydrocarbons?
because of its capability to bond in multiple ways with carbon and hydrogen
can substituted hydrocarbons without oxygen exist? if so, list a few examples
yes. amines, mercaptans, and halocarbons are all examples of substituted hydrocarbons without oxygen.
substituted hydrocarbon formed when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon is replaced by amine group NH2 (ammonia)
amine
substituted hydrocarbon that forms when hydrogen is substituted by the group -SH
mercaptans
substituted hydrocarbons that form when hydrogen is substituted by a halogen, like chlorine or bromine
halocarbons
the name of any compounds involving benzene
aromatic compounds (named for their strong smells)
