Chapter 14

Question 1

initial volume/initial temperature (K) = final volume/final temperature (K)

Answer 1

charles’s law equation

Question 2

according to this law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, as long as the pressure on the gas remains constant

Answer 2

charles’s law

Question 3

initial pressure * initial volume = final pressure * final volume

Answer 3

boyle’s law equation

Question 4

this law states that if you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure from the gas will increase.

Answer 4

boyle’s law

Question 5

viscosity and temperature have what kind of relationship?

Answer 5

inverse; as temperature increases, viscosity decreases and vice-versa

Question 6

the resistance of a fluid to flowing

Answer 6

viscosity

Question 7

the principle explaining that fluid velocity increases when the flow of the fluid is restricted; states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases

Answer 7

bernoulli’s principle

Question 8

input force/output force (N) = output force/input force (N)

Answer 8

pascal’s principle equation

Question 9

pressure (Pa) = force(N)/area(m^2)

Answer 9

pressure equation

Question 10

the principle stating that pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid

Answer 10

pascal’s principle

Question 11

in terms of density, when will an object float? (compare density of object and density of fluid)

Answer 11

an object will float when its density is less than that of the fluid

Question 12

a dense wooden block is placed within a pool of water. the block then sinks beneath the surface of the water, but does not reach the bottom. how is this a demonstration of archimede’s principle?

Answer 12

the wooden block only sank until the weight of the water displaced was equal to the weight of itself

Question 13

apply archimedes’ principle. how are the weights of the fluid and of the object placed within the fluid related?

Answer 13

the object placed within the fluid will displace the fluid until the weight of the displaced fluid is equal to the weight of the object

Question 14

the principle that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object is known as:

Answer 14

archimedes’ principle

Question 15

the ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it; the ability of an object to float as a result of the exertion of upward forces

Answer 15

buoyancy

Question 16

what are liquid crystals? how are they used?

Answer 16

liquid crystals are materials that do not lose their geometric arrangement (that is present within most solids) when turning into a liquid. they are used to create liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for electronic devices. pixels are individual picture crystal elements.

Question 17

name two amorphous solids

Answer 17

glass and butter

Question 18

how and why is water an exception to thermal expansion (at a certain range of temperatures?)

Answer 18

At a certain range of temperatures, specifically that between 0 and 4 degrees Celsius, water molecules expand as their temperature decreases. This is because of water’s crystal lattice structure, which forms as a result of water’s highly positive and negative areas.

Question 19

an increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased

Answer 19

thermal expansion

Question 20

explain the definition of plasma: why are they able to overcome attractions between atoms?

Answer 20

their collisions are so forceful that electrons are stripped off of the atoms, thus breaking the attraction between atoms

Question 21

matter that has enough energy to overcome not just the attractive forces between its particles but also the attractive forces within its atoms; most common state of matter in the universe

Answer 21

plasma

Question 22

how do substance overcome attractions between particles, in terms of the addition of thermal energy?

Answer 22

speed increases with temperature, and thus the addition of thermal energy causes particles to increase in speed and eventually overcome inter-particle attractions

Question 23

a graph that shows how temperature changes over time as thermal energy is continuously added; visually demonstrates phase changes (or when attractive forces are overcome)

Answer 23

heating curve

Question 24

the process that causes a substance to change directly from a solid into a gas; only occurs at certain pressures

Answer 24

sublimation

Question 25

the amount of energy required for a liquid at its boiling point to become a gas; amount of energy required for a liquid to overcome attractions between particles and become a gas

Answer 25

heat of vaporization

Question 26

temperature at which the pressure of vapor within the liquid is equal to external pressure acting on the liquid’s surface; point at which a liquid vaporizes into a gas

Answer 26

boiling point

Question 27

energy required to overcome attractions between particles in the solid state, allowing for said solid to melt into a liquid

Answer 27

heat of fusion

Question 28

energy required to overcome attractions between particles in the solid state, allowing for said solid to melt into a liquid

Answer 28

melting point

Question 29

the assumptions of kinetic theory

Answer 29

1. all matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, and ions)
2. these particles travel in constant, random movements
3. these particles collide with each other and the walls of the container in which they are held
4. the amount of energy that the particles lose from these collisions is so little that it does not matter

Question 30

the avg kinetic energy of a substance

Answer 30

temperature

Question 31

the total energy of the particles that make up a material, including kinetic and potential energy

Answer 31

thermal energy

Question 32

the kinetic theory is an explanation of…

Answer 32

how the particles that compose gases behave

Question 33

four states of matter

Answer 33

solid, liquid, gas, plasma