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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter #22: The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter #22: The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system (lymphoid system)

A

-Protects us against disease
-Lymphatic system cells respond to
–Environmental pathogens
–Toxins
–Abnormal body cells, such as cancers

-contain lymphocytes

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2
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-Part of the immune response
-Identify, attack, and develop immunity to specific pathogens
-Make up 20–40 percent of circulating leukocytes
-Most are stored, not circulating
-Divide in cortex
-Migrate into medulla
-Mature T cells leave thymus by medullary blood vessels

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3
Q

Components of lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymph
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs
  4. Lymphoid cells
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4
Q

Lymph

A

A fluid similar to plasma but without plasma proteins

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5
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

-Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to veins
-Superficial lymphatics
-Deep lymphatics
–Larger vessels that accompany arteries and veins

-Join to form large lymphatic trunks that empty into two major collecting vessels
–Thoracic duct
–Right lymphatic duct

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6
Q

Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs

A

Scattered throughout body

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7
Q

Lymphoid cells

A

-Lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other cells
-Immune system cells and supportive cells in lymphoid tissues

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8
Q

Lymphocytes are produced in

A

-Primary lymphoid tissues and organs
-Red bone marrow and thymus

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9
Q

Lymphocytes are activated in

A

-Secondary lymphoid tissues and organs
-Tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, and spleen

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10
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

-Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells
-Return excess fluid to bloodstream
–Maintain normal blood volume

-Transport hormones, nutrients, and wastes

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11
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

-Overlap of endothelial cells acts as one-way valve
–Allows fluids, solutes, viruses, and bacteria to enter
–Prevents their return to intercellular spaces

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12
Q

Lymph flows

A

lymphatic capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels with one-way valves

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13
Q

Lacteals

A

-Special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
-Transport lipids from digestive tract

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14
Q

Thoracic duct

A

-Base expands to form cisterna chyli, which receives lymph from
–Right and left lumbar trunks
–Intestinal trunk

-Inferior segment collects lymph from
–Left bronchomediastinal trunk
–Left subclavian trunk
–Left jugular trunk

-Empties into left subclavian vein

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15
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

-Collects lymph from
–Right jugular trunk
–Right subclavian trunk
–Right bronchomediastinal trunk

-Empties into right subclavian vein

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16
Q

Lymphedema

A

-Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
-Causes severe swelling
-Interferes with immune system function

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17
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A
  1. T cells (Thymus-dependent)
  2. B cells (Bone marrow-derived)
  3. NK cells (natural killer cells)
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18
Q

Lymphoid tissues

A

Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

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19
Q

Lymphoid nodules (lymphatic nodules)

A

-Tissue with densely packed lymphocytes
-Germinal center contains dividing lymphocytes

20
Q

Where are lymphoid nodules distributed?

A

-Lymph nodes
-Spleen
-Respiratory tract (tonsils)
-Along digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

21
Q

Five tonsils in wall of pharynx

A

-Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
-left and right palatine tonsils
-two lingual tonsils

22
Q

Tonsilitis

A

Inflammation of tonsils, especially palatine tonsils

23
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

-Lymphoid tissues associated with digestive system
-Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s Patches)
–Clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining

24
Q

Appendix (vermiform appendix)

A

-Contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules
-where the small intestine meets the large intestine

25
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

-Lymph nodes
-Thymus
-Spleen

26
Q

What are lymphoid organs separated by?

A

Separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous connective tissue capsule

27
Q

Efferent Vessel vs Afferent vessel

A

-Efferent vessel = contains anything leaving
-Afferent vessel = contains anything entering

28
Q

Trabeculae

A

-Bundles of collagen fibers
-Extend from capsule into interior of lymph node

29
Q

Hilum

A

Shallow indentation where blood vessels and nerves reach lymph node

30
Q

Afferent lymphatics

A

Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymph node

31
Q

Efferent lymphatics

A

-Leave lymph node at hilum
-Carry lymph to venous circulation

32
Q

Lymph flow through nodes

A
  1. From subcapsular space
  2. Through outer cortex
  3. Through the core (medulla)
  4. Finally, into efferent lymphatics at hilum
33
Q

Lymph node function

A

-Purify lymph before return to venous circulation
–Remove antigens

-Antigens released due to infection
–Enter lymph and stimulate immune cells in lymph nodes

34
Q

Lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes

A

-Monitor peripheral infections
-Respond before infections reach vital organs

35
Q

Lymph nodes of gut, trachea, lungs, thoracic duct

A

Protect against pathogens in digestive and respiratory systems

36
Q

Largest lymph nodes

A

-In groin, axillae, and base of neck
-Swell in response to infection

37
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

-Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
-May indicate infections or cancer

38
Q

Thymus

A

-Located in mediastinum
-Divided into two thymic lobes
-Septa divide lobes into smaller lobules

39
Q

Thymic lobule

A

-Dense outer cortex
-Pale central medulla

40
Q

Thymic hormones

A

Thymosin

41
Q

Thymosin

A

Promotes development and maturation of T cells

42
Q

Functions of the spleen

A
  1. Removal of abnormal blood cells by phagocytosis
  2. Storage of iron recycled from red blood cells
  3. Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells
    –In response to antigens in circulating blood
43
Q

Location of the spleen

A

-Attached to stomach
-Contacts diaphragm and left kidney

44
Q

Histology of the spleen

A

-Cellular components within capsule make up pulp
–Red pulp contains many red blood cells
–White pulp resembles lymphoid nodules

45
Q

Spleen function

A

-Phagocytes and other lymphocytes in spleen
–Identify and attack damaged and infected cells in circulating blood

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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